Responding to Racial Militarism: A Study of Black Caribbean Women's Transnational Organising

多米尼加共和国和海地之间的地理和象征性分离是通过军国主义和占领关系造成的。在1915年至1933年美国的残酷占领下，海地的话语围绕着种族化，非洲宗教的女性化比喻和国家的黑人多数（Renda，2001）。2013年，30万海地裔多米尼加人被剥夺国籍，边境军事采购增加，这些政策源于反海地种族暴力的持续历史。我的项目同时回应缺乏关注的拉美裔加勒比地区的黑人女权主义方法安全研究和国际关系（IR），以及对黑人男性主义抵抗美国殖民项目的压倒性关注。组织起来反对美国在海地的占领是受到海地斗争在北美黑人国际主义意识中的重要性的启发（Dalleo，2016）。在这种背景下，海地革命被宣传为黑人游击队男子气概的典范，并展示了武装斗争的救赎潜力（韦斯特和马丁，2009年）。为了转移这种围绕英雄式男性领导组织的黑人国际主义的男性主义形式，重要的是要引起人们对黑人妇女在美国占领的反霸权话语中的工作的关注。与占主导地位的男性主义账户相反，黑人妇女的跨国组织产生了围绕占领海地的替代叙述。我的项目探讨了黑人女权主义者在制作美国占领海地及其来世的批判性叙述中的持续作用。这借鉴了埃里卡爱德华兹（2021年）在记录美国黑人妇女的工作，揭示了黑人在国内和国际上被用来合理化暴力安全制度的悠久历史，因此黑人文学发明了新的黑人“语法”来质疑这一点。我提议的研究将着眼于边缘化的模式，通过这些模式，黑人妇女试图通过强调跨国主体性和散居来对抗反黑人边境政权。因此，我的项目借鉴了女权主义者对黑人解放的认识论，如世界黑人进步协会（UNIA）对美帝国主义的批评。

The geographic and symbolic separation between the Dominican Republic and Haiti has beenproduced through relations of militarism and occupation. Under brutal US occupation from 1915-1933, discourses of Haiti were constructed around racialised, feminising tropes of Afro-religion and the nation's Black majority (Renda, 2001). Looking to the 2013 denationalisation of 300,000 Dominicans of Haitian descent and increased military procurement directed at the border, thesepolicies emerge from an ongoing history of anti-Haitian racial violence. My project responds simultaneously to the lack of attention to the Hispanic Caribbean in Black feminist approaches to Security Studies and International Relations (IR), and the overwhelming focus on black masculinist resistance to US colonial projects. Organising against the US occupation in Haiti was inspired by the significance of the Haitian struggle in the North American Blackinternationalist consciousness (Dalleo, 2016). In this context the Haitian revolution has been promoted as a model for Black guerrilla masculinities and demonstration of the redemptive potential of armed struggle (West & Martin, 2009).In order to shift this unerring focus on masculinist forms of Black internationalism organised around heroic male leadership, it is important to bring attention to the work of Black women in producing counterhegemonic discourses of US occupation. In contrast to dominant masculinist accounts, Black women's transnational organising has produced alternative narratives surrounding the occupation of Haiti. My project explores the ongoing role of Black feminist organising in crafting critical narratives of US occupation of Haiti and its afterlives. This draws on the work of Erica Edwards (2021) in chronicling Black women in the US have exposed the long history in which Blackness domestically and internationally has been used to rationalise violent security regimes, and thus Black literatures have invented new 'grammars 'of Blackness to contest this. My proposed research will look at marginalised modes through which Black women have sought to contest anti-Black bordering regimes by emphasising transnational subjectivities and diaspora. As such, my project draws from feminist epistemologies of Black liberation in organisations such as the Universal NegroImprovement Association (UNIA) in their critiques of US imperialism.