Environmental distribution, aquacultural consequences and development of nature-based water treatment technologies for mass pharmaceutical interventio

污水处理厂(WWTP)对药物的去除效率很低，可能会对饮用水造成污染。暴露的长期影响和随之而来的意外影响是未知的，并有产生抗菌素耐药性的风险。为了解决这个问题，需要改进目前用于去除水中污染物的技术，同时改变政策和法规，以防止不必要的污染水平。因此，至关重要的是，必须从药物治疗对环境的影响以及最终进入食物(水产养殖系统)和水(饮用水)的主要来源的角度来考虑药物治疗，以防止对生命造成另一种威胁。学生将与卡迪夫大学的化学、生物科学和工程学院以及阿伯里斯特威斯大学的生命科学系合作，确定不同兽药去除方法的环境命运、影响和功效。具体目标：1.将使用添加了已知药物的溶液创建目标药物库，以促进野生样品中的药物识别。这个库将作为所有其他分析的平台。将对来自污水处理厂和河流系统的水样进行化学分析，以确定环境中的药物水平。将使用生物测定法确定目标药物的急性毒性水平，并在可能的情况下与数学模型(ECOSAR和QSAR)进行比较，以评价这些模型的准确性。3.利用已建立的Guppy-Gyrodactylus宿主-病原体系统进行生物测定，将评估主要兽药对宿主死亡率、生长、疾病易感性和福利的生态毒性。可以对组织样本进行脂肪含量分析，以确定暴露将如何影响水产养殖用鱼类的质量，并进行代谢组学分析，以了解鱼类如何代谢化合物。4.将针对选定的药物测试目前的水处理方法，以确定有效率并开发技术以改进消除。然后，管道末端技术可以与政策和法规变化相结合，作为一种多方面的方法来减少水中发现的兽药水平。审查有关兽药开发的政策和法规，以及减少其环境足迹的潜在途径。综合起来，这些目标的成果将改善1)未来的疾病管理和治疗，突出兽药处理对水产养殖业的威胁；2)水处理技术，提高水中药物的检测率和清除率；3)药物开发和监管，审查潜在的绿色药物替代品，以防止污染发生。

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) have poor removal rates for pharmaceuticals resulting in potential contamination of drinking water. The long-term effects of exposure and consequential unintended effects are unknown and risk antimicrobial resistance. To tackle this issue, improvements are needed to current techniques used to remove contaminants from water in together with changes in policy and regulation to prevent unnecessary levels of pollution. Therefore, it is vital that drug treatments are considered in the context of their impact on the environment and ultimately their entry into a major source of food (aquaculture systems) and water (drinking water) to prevent creating another threat to life. Working with the Schools of Chemistry, Biosciences and Engineering at Cardiff University and the Department of Life Sciences at Aberystwyth University, the student will determine the environmental fate, impact and efficacy of different removal methods of veterinary drugs. Specific aims:1. A library of target drugs will be created using solutions spiked with known drugs to facilitate drug identification in wild samples. This library will serve as a platform for all other analyses. Water samples from WWTP and river systems will be chemically analysed to determine levels of pharmaceuticals in the environment.2. Levels of acute toxicity of target pharmaceuticals will be determined using biological assays and where possible compared to mathematical models (ECOSAR & QSAR) to evaluate the accuracy of such models. 3. Bioassays, using the established Guppy-Gyrodactylus host-pathogen system, will assess the ecotoxicity of key veterinary pharmaceuticals on host mortality, growth, disease susceptibility and welfare. Tissue samples can be analysed for lipid contents to define how exposure will affect the quality of fish for aquaculture purposes as well as metabolomics analysis to understand how fish metabolise the compounds. 4. Current methodologies for water treatment will be tested against selected pharmaceuticals to determine efficiency rates and develop technologies to improve elimination. End of pipe technologies can then be coupled with policy and regulatory changes as a multi-faceted method of reducing levels of veterinary pharmaceuticals found within water.5. Review the policy and regulations around veterinary pharmaceutical development and potential pathways to reduce their environmental footprint. Together the results of these aims will improve 1) the future disease management and treatment by highlighting the threat to the aquaculture industry from veterinary pharmacological treatments; 2) water treatment technology by increasing the detection and removal rates of pharmaceuticals from water; 3) drug development and regulation with a review into potential green pharmacy alternatives to prevent pollution before it happens.