Creating the first Europeans: Tracing the development of Sir Arthur Evans's vision of Minoan civilisation through documents and object

亚瑟·埃文斯爵士在青铜时代的考古学上留下了不可磨灭的印记，尤其是在克里特岛的克诺索斯.从1900年到1930年，他挖掘并修复了克诺索斯宫的庞大建筑群，并在1921年至1935年期间将他的发现出版在一系列的五卷米诺斯宫中。在他的出版物中，埃文斯利用收集到的证据来展示他的米诺斯文明作为一个原始欧洲皇家社会的愿景。埃文斯的姐姐琼·埃文斯（Joan Evans，1974年）和学者如安·布朗（Ann Brown，1983年）、西尔维亚·霍维茨（Sylvia Horwitz，1981年）、南诺·马里纳托斯（Nanno Marinatos，2015年）和伊尔莎·舍普（Ilse Schoep，2018年）对埃文斯的现代描述都承认，埃文斯的考古学决定和解释不仅受到他对物质文化的仔细观察的影响，也受到他自己的上层阶级英国世界观的影响。例如，在其他发现中，王座室的发现使埃文斯将该建筑群设想为一个宫殿避难所，其中有皇家居民和一位可与20世纪世纪君主媲美的牧师国王（埃文斯1902/1903，67）。以前的研究集中在埃文斯的愿景通过主要发现的总体发展，但很少有人通过档案记录和米诺斯宫的出版物，按时间顺序全面分析埃文斯理论的详细演变。布里斯托尔大学和阿什莫林博物馆之间的合作将利用埃文斯档案馆和阿什莫林收藏品来研究这些理论，物品，和考古学背景应用在埃文斯的视野，以了解他的理论如何演变，从他最初的挖掘，他最后的出版物和展览。作为一个学术团体，通过将埃文斯的观点发展置于语境中，我们可以将他的理论追溯到原始的考古证据，并用现代研究来验证、驳回、修正或扩展他的解释。这个项目的结果将不同于其他研究，因为它将使用档案馆和埃文斯的对象收集，以通知调查。为此，我将分析信件，笔记本电脑，出版物，报纸和展览记录的档案和对象的收藏品，按时间顺序跟踪埃文斯的理论如何改变了不同部分的挖掘，新对象的发现，并从他的网站监督邓肯麦肯齐输入。我特别感兴趣的是比较埃文斯和麦肯齐的笔记本（AE NB）和日记本，因为埃文斯经常使用麦肯齐的日记本（DM DB）时，写他的年度报告（1900年至1906年）和米诺斯宫出版物（Momigliano 1999年）。我还将讨论埃文斯的挖掘方法（即，记录策略，人工品策展，拍卖，投注系统）优先考虑某些类型的证据，以及他的选择如何塑造叙事围绕克诺索斯都在阿什莫林和网站。我的研究问题包括：埃文斯的想法是如何变化的，并建立了彼此之间的挖掘季节和他的最初的挖掘和最终出版物？他的阿什莫尔收藏品是如何代表他的理论的？他又是如何用它们来传达他的愿景的？埃文斯的理论和发掘方法对现代学术有何影响？

Sir Arthur Evans left an indelible mark on the archaeology of the Bronze Age, particularly atKnossos on Crete. From 1900-1930, he excavated and restored the massive architectural complexof the Palace of Knossos, publishing his findings in a series of five Palace of Minos volumesbetween 1921 and 1935. In his publications, Evans used the evidence gathered to present his visionof the Minoan civilisation as a proto-European, royal society. Modern accounts of Evans by hishalf-sister Joan Evans (1974) and scholars such as Ann Brown (1983), Sylvia Horwitz (1981),Nanno Marinatos (2015), and Ilse Schoep (2018) have acknowledged that Evans's archaeologicaldecisions and interpretations were informed and influenced not only by his careful observation ofthe material culture but also by his own upper class, British worldview. For example, the discoveryof the Throne Room, among other finds, led Evans to envision the complex as a palace-sanctuarywith royal residents and a priest-king comparable to monarchs of the 20th century (Evans1902/1903, 67). Previous research has focused on the overarching development of Evans's visionthrough major finds, but little work has been done to fully analyse the detailed evolution of Evans'stheories in chronological order through the archive records and the Palace of Minos publications.My research within the Collaborative Doctoral Partnership (CDP) between the University ofBristol and the Ashmolean Museum will use the Evans Archive and Ashmolean collections tostudy the theories, objects, and archaeological contexts applied in Evans's vision to understandhow his theories evolved from his initial excavation to his final publications and exhibitions. Bycontextualising the progression of Evans's vision, we, as a scholarly community, can trace histheories back to the original archaeological evidence and validate, dismiss, amend, or expand hisinterpretations with modern studies. The outcome of this project will be unlike other studiesbecause it will use both the Archive and Evans's object collection to inform the investigation. Todo so, I will analyse the letters, notebooks, publications, newspapers, and exhibition records of theArchive and the object collections to chronologically trace how Evans's theories changed with theexcavation of different sections, the discovery of new objects, and input from his site-supervisorDuncan Mackenzie. I am particularly interested in comparing Evans's and Mackenzie's notebooks(AE NB) and daybooks because Evans often used Mackenzie's Daybooks (DM DB) when writinghis yearly reports (1900-1906) and Palace of Minos publications (Momigliano 1999). I will alsoaddress how Evans's excavation methods (i.e., recording strategies, artefact curation, restorations,wager-system) prioritised certain types of evidence and how his selections shaped the narrativesurrounding Knossos both at the Ashmolean and at the site. My research questions include: Howdid Evans's ideas change and build off each other between each excavation season and betweenhis initial excavations and final publications? How did his Ashmolean collection represent histheories and how did he use them to convey his vision? How do Evans's theories and excavationmethods impact modern scholarship?