Intergenerational Transmission of Neglect and Abuse

这一修订后的申请寻求资金，以进行第一次大规模的，前瞻性的评估， 忽视和虐待的传播（G1-> G2-> G3），使用经证实的儿童忽视和虐待案件以及 对照组（根据年龄、性别、种族/民族和大致的家庭社会阶层进行匹配）， 一直追踪到成年。根据尼泊尔RFA（RFA-OD-99 - 006），我们目前正在进行"三十年 被忽视儿童的后续行动"（HD40774），评估医疗和健康状况，经济后果，服务 使用模式（过去和现在），童年忽视的回忆，以及家庭环境毒素。作为 竞争的延续，这一应用程序保持其重点的后果，童年忽视，现在 建议跟随原始参与者的孩子。几乎没有证据表明 身体虐待的传播是存在的，对儿童忽视的传播所知更少。使用数据 在研究的前几波和最初的NICHD资助期间已经收集的数据，我们建议收集 提供新的信息，以解决围绕忽视和虐待的代际传递的复杂问题。 我们将G1代定义为父母和非父母对G2个体忽视和/或虐待的肇事者 我们从1986年就开始研究。因此，我们希望确定，如果G2个人被忽视或虐待， 儿童期反过来将继续对他们的G3后代进行虐待的循环（G1-> G2-> G3）。我们主要关注 G2对生物学上的G3后代的行为，但我们也包括非生物学上的G3儿童。我们还包括G2 没有子女的人，以便不高估或低估传播的程度。有五个广泛的 目的：（1）检验忽视和虐待存在代际传递的假设;（2）检查 儿童期忽视和虐待现象代际传递的潜在机制，并确定 这些机制不同的传播忽视相比，虐待;（3）评估是否某些G3 后代特征与G2父母忽视和虐待的风险增加有关;（4）确定 假设的G2父母的保护因素是否提供了一个缓冲，防止忽视和虐待的传播; 以及（5）确定某些生物测量（皮质醇反应性、爱泼斯坦-巴尔病毒抗体和C反应性）是否 蛋白质）作为潜在的生物标志物与儿童忽视或虐待的G3后代的压力。 使用多种方法和信息来源来确定忽视和虐待，我们建议亲自进行 采访了所有有孩子的G2成年人（被忽视，虐待和控制）（N = 753）和他们的一个子集。 儿童（G3）（N = 1406）。还将对没有子女的G2个人进行电话访谈（N = 143）。使用一种新的血液采集采样技术，我们将评估皮质醇反应，EB病毒（EBV） 抗体和C-反应蛋白（CRP）在G3儿童。我们还将收集儿童的官方记录信息 针对G2个人或其他针对G3的人的虐待，保护系统机构。本研究的队列 设计允许发现对制定干预和预防方案具有明确意义的结果。 关于打破虐待循环的个人的调查结果对治疗和预防具有实际意义。 虐待儿童的机制和过程的理论重要性， 代际传递考虑到人们对理解"身心"联系的兴趣越来越大， 对G3代后代的生物测量进行评估，可以进一步了解这些儿童期的影响。 经验

This revised application seeks funds to conduct the first large scale, prospective assessment of the interqenerational transmission of neglect and abuse (G1->G2->G3), using substantiated cases of childhood neglect and abuse and a comparison group (matched on the basis of age, sex, race/ethnicity, and approximate family social class) who have been followed up into adulthood. Under the Neglect RFA (RFA-OD-99-006), we are currently conducting a "Thirty-Year Follow-Up of Neglected Children" (HD40774), assessing medical and health status, economic consequences, service utilization patterns (past and current), recollections of childhood neglect, and environmental toxins in the home. As a competing continuation, this application maintains its focus on the consequences of childhood neglect and now proposes to follow the children of the original participants. Little prospective evidence of the intergenerational transmission of physical abuse exists and even less is known about the transmission of childhood neglect. Using data already collected during previous waves of the study and during the initial NICHD funding period, we propose to collect new information to address complex questions surrounding the intergenerational transmission of neglect and abuse. We define the G1 generation as parents and non-parent perpetrators of neglect and/or abuse toward the G2 individuals we have been studying since 1986. Thus, we hope to determine if G2 individuals who were neglected or abused in childhood in turn will continue the cycle of maltreatment toward their G3 offspring (G1->G2->G3). We focus primarily on G2's behavior toward biological G3 offspring, but we include non-biological G3 children as well. We also include G2 individuals without children in order not to over- or under-estimate the extent of transmission. There are five broad goals: (1) to test the hypothesis that there is an intergenerational transmission of neglect and abuse; (2) to examine potential mechanisms in the intergenerational transmission of childhood neglect and abuse and to determine whether these mechanisms differ for the transmission of neglect as compared to abuse; (3) to assess whether certain G3 offspring characteristics are associated with increased risk for neglect and abuse by G2 parents; (4) to determine whether hypothesized protective factors in G2 parents provide a buffer against the transmission of neglect and abuse; and (5) to determine whether certain biomeasures (cortisol reactivity, Epstein-Barr Virus antibodies, and C-reactive protein) serve as potential biomarkers for the stress associated with childhood neglect or abuse in the G3 offspring. Using multiple methods and sources of information to determine neglect and abuse, we propose to conduct in-person interviews with all G2 adults (neglected, abused, and controls) who have children (N =753) and a subset of their children (G3) (N = 1406). Telephone interviews will also be conducted with G2 individuals who do not have children (N = 143). Using a new sampling technique for blood collection, we will assess cortisol reactivity, Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) antibodies, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in G3 children. We will also collect official record information from child protection system agencies regarding maltreatment by G2 individuals or others directed at G3. This study's cohort design permits discovery of results with clear implications for the development of intervention and prevention programs. Findings regarding individuals who break the cycle of abuse have practical implications for the treatment and prevention of child maltreatment and theoretical importance for understanding the mechanisms and processes involved in the intergenerational transmission. Given the increasing interest in understanding the "mind-body" connection, this assessment of biomeasures in the G3 offspring may provide further insight into the impact of these childhood experiences.