Henrietta Maria: Generalissima, Queen Consort and Terror of Parliament

随着英国女王伊丽莎白二世的去世，英国70多年来首次有了一位王后，她的角色引起了人们的极大兴趣，也引发了政治争议。对王后的态度深深植根于对女性权威和权力的性别认知，以及对妻子对丈夫潜在的性影响的怀疑。从历史上看，王后已经成为公众辩论、批评以及社会、政治和经济动荡的焦点。我的项目将通过研究国王查理一世的妻子亨利埃塔·玛丽亚王后的案例来修正我们对王后配偶的历史理解。我的硕士论文是对亨利埃塔·玛丽和玛丽·安托瓦内特的比较分析，确定了革命意识形态和启蒙哲学创造了对女性越来越多的厌恶女性的社会期望，影响了女性的积极性。探索亨利埃塔·玛丽亚作为一个不受欢迎的国王的王后的经历，亨利埃塔·玛丽亚在英国内战中与玛格丽特·卡文迪许和玛丽·班克斯女士等高贵的同时代人一起扮演了重要的政治和军事角色，然而她在这方面的重要性经常被忽视。目前，关于亨丽埃塔·玛丽亚的两项主要研究都集中在传统的传记方法上（Bone,1972; Pearce, 2018），但它们未能通过将亨丽埃塔置于早期现代革命的更广泛叙事中来将她置于背景中。更一般的研究，如Hufton关于女性农民的研究，更成功地将革命时期的女性置于语境中，但通常只关注中下层阶级的经历，而忽略了贵族，如Henrietta Maria （Hufton, 1971）。我提出的论文将通过以下方式解决这一差距：将亨丽埃塔·玛丽亚的经历带到内战史学的最前沿。研究王后的角色以及革命意识形态对性别期望和女性社会功能的影响。确立了亨利埃塔·玛丽亚王后身份的政治和行政影响，她在内战期间的军事和政治实力，并确定了议会将她视为合法威胁的程度。评估亨利埃塔·玛丽亚的不受欢迎程度在多大程度上受到她作为王后的角色和当代性别期望的转变的影响。为了解决这些研究问题，这个跨学科项目将采用一系列的方法。资料来源主要由女王的书信组成，并将借鉴戴贝尔和霍比提出的书信体方法。他们建立了一个令人信服的框架来利用那个时期的写作模式、语法和信件格式（Daybell, 2010; Hobby,1989）。其他书面资料；议会文件，小册子和条约，需要一种更传统的，定性的方法，结合对每种类型的特质的透彻理解。由于空间和赞助是亨利埃塔·玛丽亚宫廷展示权力的关键因素，艺术/建筑历史的方法也必须被采用。这不仅包括查看亨利埃塔·玛丽亚居住过的皇家宫殿（卢浮宫和汉普顿宫）的平面图，还包括她在内战中使用的防御工事，以便更好地了解她作为将军的角色。

Following the passing of Queen Elizabeth II, Britain now has a queen-consort for the first time in overseventy years, whose role attracts considerable interest and political controversy. Attitudes towards thequeen-consort are deeply rooted in gendered perceptions about women's authority and right to power aswell as suspicions about the potential sexual influence wielded by a wife over her husband. Historically,queen-consorts have become focal points for public debate, criticism, and social, political and economicunrest. My project will revise our historical understanding of queen-consorts by examining the case studyof Queen Henrietta Maria, wife of King Charles I. My MA thesis, a comparative analysis of Henrietta Mariaand Marie Antoinette, determined that revolutionary ideology and enlightenment philosophy createdincreasingly misogynistic societal expectations for women, impacting on female agency. Exploring theexperiences of Henrietta Maria as queen-consort to an unpopular king, Henrietta Maria played strongpolitical and military roles in the British Civil Wars alongside noble contemporaries like MargaretCavendish and lady Mary Bankes, yet her significance in this respect has often been overlooked.Currently the two main studies on Henrietta Maria focused on a traditional biographical approach, (Bone,1972; Pearce, 2018) but they fail to contextualise Henrietta by placing her into the wider narrative ofearly modern revolution. More general studies, such as that of Hufton on female peasantry, contextualisewomen in the revolutionary period more successfully but usually focus only on the experiences of lowerto middle class people, ignoring the nobility such as Henrietta Maria (Hufton, 1971). My proposed thesiswill address this gap by:Bringing the experiences of Henrietta Maria to the forefront of Civil War historiography.Examining the roles of queen-consorts and the impact of revolutionary ideology on gender7 / 23expectations and women's societal functions.Establishing the political and administrative impact of Henrietta Maria's queenship, her military andpolitical strength throughout the Civil Wars, and determining the extent to which Parliament saw her as alegitimate threat.Evaluating to what extent Henrietta Maria's immense unpopularity was influenced by her roles asqueen-consort and shifts in contemporary gender expectations.To address these research questions, this interdisciplinary project will employ a range of methodologies.The source base consists largely of letters penned by the queen consort and will draw upon theepistolary approach set out by Daybell and Hobby. They have established a convincing framework forutilising the writing patterns, grammar, and format of letters from the period (Daybell, 2010; Hobby,1989). The other written sources; parliamentary papers, pamphlets and treaties, require a moretraditional, qualitative approach combined with a thorough understanding of the idiosyncrasies attachedto each genre. As space and patronage were key elements of Henrietta Maria's courtly display of power,an art/architectural history approach must also be employed. This will involve looking not only at floorplans of the royal palaces in which Henrietta Maria resided (the Louvre and Hampton Court) but also atthe fortifications she utilised in the civil war in order to better understand her role as a general.