Definition of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) measurements for breast kinematics

这项研究解决了女性参与体育运动的问题。更具体地说，定义乳房测量和运动，以提高人们对为什么这是许多女性能够舒适锻炼的障碍的认识。在体育界，已经做出了相当大的努力，使世界各地的女性更容易参加体育运动和体育活动(联合国妇女署，2020年)。各国政府和行业都在朝着同一个目标前进，即‘全民体育’，在这个更健康、更活跃的国家中，有各种一致的目标。这一正在进行的主题是这项研究的基本精神。妇女参与体育运动的问题有很多方面，近年来，通过表层研究，突出了几个问题，其中一些问题正处于解决的早期阶段。这包括诸如计时、育儿等实际限制，英格兰体育和其他国家管理机构在一些运动课上为儿童保育提供了资金和机会，以帮助解决这些类型的问题。与这项研究学生身份相关的国家研究的因素与身体不适和对摇摆的看法一致，以及这对参与体育运动的影响。具体地说，这项研究关注的是乳房疼痛和运动，作为身体的一个关键部位，映射有限，并且根据不同的人口统计和生活方式因素而存在显著差异。据称，多达60%的女性会受到乳房疼痛的影响，在锻炼期间，72%的女性报告经历过乳房疼痛。现有的测量乳房运动学和由此产生的不适感的方法依赖于全球测量系统，如红外标记跟踪来测量和跟踪关键的乳房和身体特征。虽然这种方法提供了机会来观察与其他身体或跑步因素相关的乳房运动学，但测量了少量的点，并对这些点的位置做出了很大的假设，以表示躯干上的运动质量。这项研究概述了高分辨率数字图像相关系统和立体摄影测量的发展，其重点放在特定视野内的乳房。这种方法提供了数千个胸部数据点，以调查乳房的不同区域如何在不同的练习中移动，并调查干预措施以获得支持并减少不适感。根据这些数据，可以分析乳房运动的位移、速度、加速度和应变等关键指标，以确定进一步的研究领域。该项目包括重要的优化阶段，以确定系统的配置和测量不确定性，并将继续调查哪些身体差异可以捕获并成功测量，这与量化乳房运动学的目标和范围有关，以改善锻炼期间的乳房支撑。这项研究包括全面的参与者试验，以测量和量化不同类型的运动的影响，以进一步探索它们对乳房加速度和速度的影响。

This research addresses the problem of female participation in sport. More specifically defining breast measurement and movement to improve knowledge into why this is a barrier for a lot of women being able to exercise comfortably. Within the sporting community there has been a considerable effort to make sport and physical activity more accessible to females around the world (UN Women, 2020). National governments and industry alike are moving towards the same goal, 'Sport for all', with various aligned goals within this of a healthier and more active nation. This ongoing theme is the underpinning ethos for this research. The issue of female participation in sport has many facets and in recent years through surface level research, several issues have been highlighted and some are in the early stages of being addressed. This includes practical limitations such as timings, childcare etc. which Sport England and other national governing bodies have given funding and opportunities for childcare during some exercise classes to help combat these types of issues.Factors from national studies related to this research studentship align to bodily discomfort and perception of 'wobble', with the impact this has on engagement in sport. Specifically, this research focuses on breast pain and movement, as a key part of the body with limited mapping, and significant variance depending on different demographic and lifestyle factors. Breast pain has been said to affect up to 60% of women and during exercise 72% of females have reported experiencing breast pain. Existing methods to measure breast kinematics and resulting discomfort rely on global measurement systems such as infrared marker tracking to measure and track key breast and body features over time. Whilst this method gives opportunities to look at breast kinematics in relation to other body or running factors, a small number of points are measured, and large assumptions are made on the location of these points to represent a moving mass on the torso.This research studentship outlines the development of a high-resolution digital image correlation system and stereophotogrammetry, that focuses on the breast within a specific field of view. This methodology provides thousands of data points on the chest to investigate how different areas of the breast move across different exercises, with interventions investigated for support and reduced discomfort. From this data, key metrics such as displacement, velocity, acceleration and strain of breast motion can be analysed to identify further areas of investigation. This project has included significant optimisation phases to define the configuration and measurement uncertainty of the system and will continue to investigate what bodily variances can be captured and successfully measured, in relation to the aim and scope of quantifying breast kinematics for improved breast support during exercise. This research has included thorough participant trials, to measure and quantify the impacts of different types of motions, to further explore their impacts on breast acceleration and velocity.