Sibling Contagion for Smoking: Social & Genetic Influences in Early Adulthood

描述（由申请人提供）：项目摘要/摘要吸烟是疾病最严重的公共卫生风险因素之一，是一种潜在的可改变的药物滥用形式。然而，尽管在减少青少年吸烟方面作出了重大努力，但青少年开始吸烟以及在向成年过渡期间更经常吸烟的情况仍处于不可接受的水平。遗传和环境因素都已被证明对青少年开始吸烟的可能性产生重大影响，并在成年早期发展到更高的吸烟强度。这一建议的重点是一个综合模型，将吸烟的兄弟传染置于吸烟的社会和遗传风险的界面。暴露于兄弟姐妹吸烟是开始吸烟的一个强大的风险因素，通常超过父母吸烟的影响，并且独立于同伴吸烟，先前的研究表明，这种兄弟姐妹传染反映了由兄弟姐妹联系水平驱动的共同环境影响。在本提案中，我们试图扩展这项工作，在参与国家青少年健康纵向研究（Add Health）的遗传信息样本中，对跨越青春期和成年初期的兄弟姐妹吸烟传染进行新颖的纵向分析。我们建议提供关于基因和环境对成年早期兄弟姐妹联系的相对贡献的新数据，并测试在这一发育时期存在独特的共享环境影响的程度，以及青春期影响的连续性。提供了一系列模型来检验兄弟姐妹传染的证据，通过成年早期吸烟的联系水平，重点是检测成年早期独特的近端环境影响以及青春期影响的连续性。新证据的基因-环境相互作用（或适度的遗传可归因于兄弟姐妹联系）是假设。基因-环境相互作用的主题被发扬光大，纳入候选基因标记作为成年早期吸烟遗传风险的代理。这项工作将更好地理解兄弟姐妹传染对成年早期吸烟行为的社会影响的发育连续性和非连续性，以及与遗传风险的桥梁联系，遗传风险可能是吸烟的影响来源。这些目标的实施将为从青春期过渡到成年早期这一典型的发展到严重危害健康的吸烟程度的阶段的以家庭为基础的干预和预防工作提供新的目标。特别是，随着我们更多地了解兄弟姐妹之间如何鼓励彼此尝试冒险和危害健康的行为，并提供与遗传倾向相互作用的社会强化，我们可以开始设计干预和预防策略，利用兄弟姐妹之间的影响来促进对吸烟的抵抗力和戒除。7. 项目叙述相关性：兄弟姐妹代表了一生中最具影响力的人际关系之一，兄弟姐妹吸烟是吸烟开始和发展为经常吸烟的一个强有力的预测因素。鉴于兄弟姐妹拥有共同的环境经历和共同的基因，该建议试图理解环境和遗传途径，这些途径是兄弟姐妹在青春期和成年早期相互影响吸烟进程的途径。我们的研究目标的成功完成将为基于家庭的干预和预防项目提供新的目标，这些项目可能利用兄弟姐妹之间强烈的情感联系来促进对吸烟的抵抗力，并为那些已经开始吸烟的人成功戒烟。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): 6. Project Summary / Abstract Cigarette use is one of the most potent public health risk factors for disease and represents a potentially modifiable form of drug abuse. However, despite substantial efforts to reduce the use of cigarettes in youth, initiation of smoking in adolescence and progression to more regular use in the transition to adulthood continues at unacceptable levels. Both genetic and environmental factors have been shown to exert substantial effects on the likelihood to initiate smoking in adolescence and progress to higher levels of smoking intensity in early adulthood. This proposal focuses on an integrated model that positions sibling contagion for smoking at the interface of social and genetic risk for smoking. Exposure to sibling smoking represents a robust risk factor for smoking initiation that typically exceeds the effects of parent smoking and contributes independent of peer smoking, and prior work suggests that such sibling contagion reflects shared environmental effects driven by level of sibling connectedness. In this proposal, we seek to expand this work to conduct novel longitudinal analyses of sibling contagion for smoking spanning adolescence and emerging adulthood in a genetically-informative sample participating in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). We propose to provide new data on the relative contributions of genes and environment on sibling connectedness in early adulthood and to test the extent to which there are unique shared environmental effects during this developmental period along with continuity of effects from adolescence. A series of models are provided to examine the evidence for sibling contagion via level of connectedness on smoking in early adulthood, with emphasis on detection of unique proximal environmental effects in early adulthood as well as continuity of effects from adolescence. New evidence for gene-environment interaction (or moderation of heritability attributable to sibling connectedness) is hypothesized. The theme of gene- environment interaction is carried forward to incorporate candidate gene markers as proxies for genetic risk for smoking in early adulthood. This work will provide a much better understanding of the developmental continuities and discontinuities in the socializing effect of sibling contagion on smoking behavior in early adulthood and bridge links with genetic risk, a likely source of influence on smoking. The execution of the aims will yield novel targets for family-based intervention and prevention efforts during the transition from adolescence to early adulthood, the typical period of progression to levels of smoking that severely compromise health. In particular, as we learn more about the ways in which siblings can encourage each other's forays into risky and health compromising behaviors and provide social reinforcement that interacts with genetic propensity, we can start to devise intervention and prevention strategies that capitalize on the influence siblings have with each other to promote resistance to and desistance from smoking. 7. Project Narrative Relevance: Siblings represent one of the most influential interpersonal relationship through the lifespan and sibling smoking is a strong predictor of both smoking initiation and progression to regular smoking. This proposal attempts to understand both environmental and genetic pathways by which siblings influence each other's progression of smoking during adolescence and early adulthood, given that siblings share common environmental experiences as well as common genes. Successful completion of our study aims will yield novel targets for family-based intervention and prevention programs that may harness the strong emotional connection between siblings to promote resistance to smoke and successful quit attempts for those who have already started smoking.