How do supermassive black holes affect their host galaxies?

超大质量黑洞位于大多数大质量星系的中心，能够通过相对论性喷流和辐射驱动的风向周围环境注入大量能量。这种所谓的“反馈”会导致大量气体从宿主星系中喷射出来，影响随后的星系形成，最终影响物质在大尺度上的分布。因此，星系形成模型和宇宙学标准模型的大规模结构测试需要仔细评估来自超大质量黑洞的能量反馈的作用：这是本博士项目的主要目标。对于这项研究，我们将首先使用弱引力透镜数据（来自暗能量调查（Sevilla-Noarbe等人，2021））和绘制热电离气体成分的数据（来自宇宙微波背景（CMB）调查，包括普朗克（普朗克合作等人，2013），SPT （Bleem等人，2022）和ACT （Hand等人，2012）设施）直接测量超大质量黑洞对星系在大范围红移和质量尺度上的影响。然后，我们将把这些测量结果与弗拉明戈和巴哈马项目（与处女座财团合作开发）的最先进的宇宙流体动力学模拟进行比较。最后，我们将评估当前模拟中黑洞反馈的真实性以及它对星系形成和宇宙学的影响。

Supermassive black holes, which reside in the centres of most massive galaxies, are capable of injecting vast amounts of energy into their surrounding environments via relativistic jets and radiation-driven winds. This so-called 'feedback' can result in the ejection of significant quantities of gas from the host galaxy, affecting subsequent galaxy formation which ultimately impact the distribution of matter on large scales. Models of galaxy formation and large-scale structure tests of the standard model of cosmology therefore need to carefully assess the role of energetic feedback from supermassive black holes: this is the main aim of this PhD project.For this research, we will first use weak gravitational lensing data (from the Dark Energy Survey (Sevilla-Noarbe et al., 2021)) and data that maps the hot ionised gas component (from cosmic microwave background (CMB) surveys, including the Planck (Planck Collaboration et al., 2013), SPT (Bleem et al., 2022), and ACT (Hand et al., 2012) facilities) to directly measure the impact of supermassive black holes on galaxies over a wide range of redshifts and mass scales. We will then compare these measurements to state-of-the-art cosmological hydrodynamical simulations from the FLAMINGO and BAHAMAS projects (developed in collaboration with the Virgo Consortium). Finally, we will perform an assessment of the realism of black hole feedback in current simulations along with its impact on galaxy formation and cosmology.