'The Hive of Liberty': Joseph Cowen and radical politics on Tyneside, 1829-1900

这项提议是出版对著名的激进分子小约瑟夫·考恩的第一份全面研究报告。MP（1829 - 1900），他对国家和国际事务产生了显着的影响。他以其革命共和主义、对爱尔兰民族主义和地方自治的坚定捍卫以及对格莱斯顿帝国政策的有争议的反对而闻名。他是一位有魅力的领导人，对泰恩赛德选民的忠诚和感情有着强大的控制力;即使在他被当地政党取消当选后，他们也以压倒性多数支持他作为独立成员重返议会。在国际舞台上，他积极参与了美国内战、意大利统一、波兰和匈牙利的解放。这些运动是个人化的，因为他与加里波第、马志尼、科苏特和其他著名的共和党人有着密切的友谊。他的新闻帝国使他的权力基础得到了独特的加强。他的报纸在全球范围内发行，这为他的地方霸权提供了锚，并提高了他在美国和欧洲的形象。研究考恩的生活和政治生涯，将有助于更广泛地了解那些信奉激进信仰的人以及他们与自由党其他成员的工作关系。尽管对19世纪世纪自由主义政治的研究已经产生了许多成果，但我们的知识仍然存在重大差距，特别是在区域政治领域。同样，英国的激进主义也吸引了大量的学术兴趣，特别是在过去的十年左右，当重要的新研究进行。其中一些作品是传记性的，但往往集中在宪章派一代的激进分子身上。而对那些活动家，如考恩所知甚少，他的政治思想受到了后期宪章主义的影响，但在格拉德斯通时代发挥了最大的影响。在世纪可比的激进分子中，只有考恩在历史编纂中没有实质性的存在。他生前写的两本传记都是缺乏必要客观性的英雄事迹。最近的一本传记也遭受了同样的情感主观性的困扰，虽然作者对我们了解当地的激进主义做出了宝贵的贡献，但他对自由党政治的处理缺乏深度和严谨性。拟议中的传记采取了一种更为批判性的立场，这将暴露他性格中的许多弱点和含糊之处，特别是他的俄罗斯恐惧症，后来滑向帝国主义。约瑟夫·考恩留下了一批令人敬畏的19世纪信件和文件，这些信件和文件为国内外19世纪世纪流行政治的世界提供了罕见的见解。结合其他重要的英国政治文集和国际档案馆保存的相关文件进行研究，可以更完美地评估格拉德斯通自由党内部各派系之间的错综复杂关系。此外，考恩自己的报纸集将与其他区域和国家期刊一起进行详尽的审查，以促进更广泛地了解新闻界在促成和维持十九世纪政治关系方面的作用。考恩的政治将进行分析比较，参考其他中心的激进活动，当代政治家和其他业主的省级报纸。1884年后出现了一家独立的爱尔兰民族主义报纸，在纽卡斯尔出版，并在全国范围内发行，这是一个未开发的来源，可以用来审查19世纪70年代和80年代激发考恩的地方自治运动，后来分裂了自由党。1886年考恩退休后，泰恩赛德的激进主义相对消亡，这可以用爱尔兰少数民族新获得的独立来解释，他们对自由党的政治支持此后变得可以谈判，而不是自动的。

The proposal is to publish the first comprehensive study of the renowned radical Joseph Cowen Jnr. MP (1829 1900), who exerted a remarkable influence over national and international affairs. He was renowned for his revolutionary republicanism, his uncompromising defense of Irish nationalism and Home Rule, and his controversial opposition to Gladstone's imperial policies. He was a charismatic leader who wielded a powerful hold over the loyalties and affections of the Tyneside electorate; even after he was deselected by his local party they overwhelmingly supported his return to parliament as an independent member. On the international stage he was actively engaged in the American Civil War, Italian unification, and Polish and Hungarian liberation. These campaigns were personalised through his close friendship with Garibaldi, Mazzini, Kossuth and other prominent republicans. His powerbase was uniquely strengthened by his press empire. His newspapers attained a global distribution which served to anchor his local hegemony and enhance his profile in the United States and Europe.A study of Cowen's life and political career will advance the wider understanding of those who espoused radical beliefs and their working relationship 'other members of the Liberal Party. Although many studies of nineteenth century Liberal politics have been produced, significant gaps in our k, knowledge remain, particularly in the realm of regional politics. Equally, British radicalism has attracted a good deal of scholarly interest, particularly in the last decade or so when important new research was undertaken. Some of this work was biographical but has tended to focus upon the Chartist generation of radicals. Rather less is known about those activists, such as Cowen, whose political ideas were informed by late Chartism but who exerted their greatest influence during the Gladstonian era. Alone among comparable nineteenth century radicals Cowen has no substantial Presence in the historiography. The two biographies that were written in his lifetime were heroic accounts that lacked the requisite objectivity. A more recent biography suffers from the same emotional subjectivity and, while the author makes a valuable contribution to our knowledge of local radicalism, his treatment of Liberal party politics lacks depth and rigour. The proposed biography adopts an altogether more critical stance which will expose the many weaknesses and ambiguities in his character, particularly his Russophobia and later slide into imperialism.Joseph Cowen left behind a formidable collection of nineteenth century letters and documents which provide rare insights into the world of nineteenth century popular politics at home and abroad. Studied in conjunction with other important British political collections and relevant papers held in international archives, the intricate relationship between the various factions within the Gladstonian Liberal Party can be more perfectly evaluated. In addition, collections of Cowen's own newspapers will be exhaustively scrutinized alongside other regional and national journals to contribute to the wider understanding of the role of the press in brokering and sustaining nineteenth century political affiliations. Cowen's politics will be analysed comparatively with reference to other centres of radical activity, contemporary politicians and other proprietors of provincial newspapers. The emergence of an independent Irish nationalist press after 1884, published in Newcastle and circulated nationally, represents an untapped source for scrutinizing the Home Rule campaign which galvanlsed Cowen during the 1870s and 1880s, and later divided the Liberal party. The relative demise of radicalism on Tyneside after Cowen's retirement after 1886 will be explained in terms of the newfound independence of the large Irish minority whose political support for the Liberal Party thereafter became negotiable rather than automatic.