The Corpus of Modern Scottish Writing (1700-1945)

现代苏格兰英语的发展长期以来，苏格兰英语的发展一直是一个有争议的话题，甚至连语言标签都有争议。现代苏格兰时期通常是从1700年到现在。因此，它开始于书面英语标准化的最后阶段，以及苏格兰文学中产生罗伯特·伯恩斯等作家的“白话复兴”的开始。现代苏格兰的语言使用可以被描述为一个连续体，一端是标准英语，另一端是广泛苏格兰语的社会和区域变体。作家们的表现沿着这个连续体或多或少地有所不同，这取决于他们的社会背景和写作背景。人们普遍认为，在广泛的苏格兰语和书面标准英语的相互作用下，今天苏格兰英语的混合声望变体出现了。然而，关于这是如何发生的研究相对较少，除了对18世纪拼写改革者的证据进行详细分析外，主要是与该时期发音的变化有关。通过创建一个可搜索的数字档案的苏格兰写作从这个关键时期，我们奠定了基础，在苏格兰语言发展的新帐户。使用此资源的初步研究将集中在拼写变化的棘手问题。与1700年后的时期相比，旧苏格兰时期（1375年至1700年）是服务良好的，在这一时期的英国化研究的支持下，赫尔辛基语料库的旧苏格兰人（HCOS），并在旧苏格兰人的通信的各种子语料库的持续发展。琼·比尔（Joan Beal）在《爱丁堡苏格兰史》（Edinburgh History of Scots）中对现代苏格兰语的句法和词法进行了调查，她在调查中指出："对于现代苏格兰语来说，没有任何一个地方像赫尔辛基语料库那样存在，所以我不得不使用一系列可用的材料来编写这一章。"自她的调查以来，苏格兰文本和语音语料库（SCOTS）通过提供当代苏格兰（1945年至今）的可搜索电子语言资源而开辟了新天地。拟议的MSW项目还将填补HCOS和SCOTS资源之间的时间差距，从而为学者和其他人提供一个主要语言变体的完整历史记录，该语言变体的发展与标准英语平行并相互作用。它将补充和加强其他AHRC资助的研究，如阿伯丁大学关于19世纪爱尔兰和苏格兰小说中方言表现的研究。研究背景格拉斯哥大学的英语语言系在为研究和教学提供创新的电子资源方面享有国际声誉，包括苏格兰文本和语音语料库（SCOTS，计划于2007年5月完成），古英语在线词库和英语历史词库（HTE;部分在线出版，2006年7月）。资源开发随着文本添加到资源中，还显示了作者的出生地，居住地，性别等可用数据。地理信息与谷歌地图相结合，为用户提供了搜索区域变体的方便手段。将有一个索引程序和词频信息作为一套基本分析工具的一部分。目前的英语变体电子语料库仍然面临着由同一个词的不同拼写所引起的挑战，因此在许多术语的自动分析中存在歧义。对MSW资源的初步语言学研究将主要集中在现代苏格兰正字法的结构上，以便深入了解拼写变体的自动识别。然后，该资源将成为分析语言变异的强大工具，并成为后代的关键参考点。

The development of Modern Scottish EnglishThe development of English in Scotland has long been a controversial topic, to the extent that even the language labels are contested. The Modern Scots period is conventionally dated from 1700 to the present day. It therefore begins with the last stages of the standardisation of written English, as well as the onset of the 'Vernacular Revival' in literary Scots that produced writers like Robert Burns.Language use in Scotland in the modern period can be described as a continuum with Standard English at one end, and social and regional varieties of Broad Scots at the other. Writers vary their performance along that continuum, to a greater or lesser extent, depending on their social background and the context of writing. It is generally thought that out of the interaction between Broad Scots and written Standard English, the hybrid prestige variety of today's Scottish English emerged. However, there is comparatively little study of how this happened, beyond some detailed analysis of the evidence of spelling reformers of the 18th century, mainly in relation to changes in pronunciation of the period. By creating a searchable digital archive of Scottish writing from this key period, we lay the foundations for a new account of language development in Scotland . Initial research using this resource will focus on the vexed issue of spelling variation. In comparison with the period post-1700, the Older Scots period (1375-1700) is well-served, with studies of Anglicization during this period supported by the Helsinki Corpus of Older Scots (HCOS), and the ongoing development of various sub-corpora of correspondence in Older Scots. Joan Beal observes in her survey of Modern Scots syntax and morphology in the 'Edinburgh History of Scots' that 'Nothing like the Helsinki Corpus exists for the modern period of Scots, so I have had to use a range of such materials as are available in compiling this chapter'. Since her survey, the Scottish Corpus of Texts and Speech (SCOTS) has broken new ground by making available a searchable electronic resource of language in contemporary Scotland (1945-present day). The proposed MSW project will also break new ground by filling the chronological gap between the HCOS and the SCOTS resources, thus making available to scholars and others a complete historical record of a major language variety whose development parallels and interacts with Standard English. It will complement and enhance other AHRC funded research, such as Aberdeen University's work on representations of dialect in the novel in Ireland and Scotland in the nineteenth century.2. The Research ContextThe English Language Department at Glasgow University has an international reputation for the delivery of innovative electronic resources for research and teaching, including the Scottish Corpus of Texts and Speech (SCOTS, scheduled for completion in May 2007), the Thesaurus of Old English online, and the Historical Thesaurus of English (HTE; part publication online, July 2006).3. Resource DevelopmentAs texts are added to the resource, available data about the birthplace, residence, gender, etc, of authors are also shown. Geographical information is integrated with Google Maps to give a user-friendly means of searching for regional variants. There will be a concordancing program and word-frequency information as part of a basic suite of analytical tools. Current electronic corpora of English varieties still face challenges caused by different spellings of the same word, and therefore ambiguities in the automatic analysis of many terms. The initial linguistic research on the MSW resource will focus mainly on the structure of Modern Scots orthography in order to give insights into the automatic identification of spelling variants. The resource will then become a powerful tool for the analysis of language variation generally and a key point of reference for generations to come.