THE PRONUNCIAMIENTO IN INDEPENDENT MEXICO, 1821-1876

该项目的目的是更好地了解在实现独立后以惊人和悲惨的方式持续爆发的国内冲突。在1821年至1876年期间，墨西哥爆发了2000多个所谓的pronunciamientos（见附录2，在我的《提案时代的墨西哥》中[韦斯特波特：格林伍德出版社，1998年]，第100页）。277-287），在某些情况下导致血腥的内战（例如，1832年的内战，阿尤特拉革命[1854-55]，改革派内战[1858-60]），在其他国家，和平改变政府，解除有争议的部长，或改变政策。我感兴趣的是探讨政治文化，似乎已经合法化的武装叛乱的威胁，作为一种手段，影响政治变革在这一时期。我想召集一群令人敬畏的知名学者，共同研究参与和发展的起源、水平和性质、成果、代表性和独立墨西哥的Pronunciamiento经验的记忆。三个会议将在圣安德鲁斯举行，围绕三个不同但相互关联的周期，即：1。起源，原因，干扰; 2。演员，发展和经验;和3。记忆、纪念、再现与史学。通过任命两名研究助理，我的意图是建立一个在线关系数据库，其中包括个人、社区、团体、派别/政党和专业人士，他们积极促成了这一时期爆发的众多宣言。这将是一个非常有用的研究工具，因为它将使未来几代学者能够真正了解谁拿起武器以及为什么拿起武器，并确定是否随着时间的推移出现了某些模式或趋势，从而导致可以被视为Pronunciamiento制度化的现象。交叉对照个人、团体、机构（市政厅-平民/军事）发音者/反叛者，对个人发音、参与者的需求和动机、区域趋势和模式、城乡动员、结果和记忆进行有意义的分析（神圣化或妖魔化），与适当的审查相关的史学来源和书目的政治暴力和革命活动，将构成一个非常有用的资源，为独立的墨西哥研究，并默认情况下，平行后殖民国家/背景与严重的政治不稳定和地方性危机的合法性和治理。参与该项目的研究助理将处于有利地位，以进一步在十九世纪的墨西哥政治自己的工作，受益于该项目的性质与资助的实地工作在墨西哥在第2年，一个网络的优秀学者，三个开创性的会议，并有机会发表自己的研究结果将产生的卷，获得可转移的IT技能沿着。这两名博士生将受益于一个充满活力和刺激的知识界的一部分，由两名研究助理致力于数据库的阐述，并参与将在圣安德鲁斯举办的三次会议，有机会尝试他们的想法在该领域的一些最杰出的历史学家。他们的研究和个人发展将通过该项目第二年在墨西哥的预期档案实地考察得到进一步加强。这是一个项目，将大大提高我们对独立墨西哥的理解，在后殖民西班牙裔美国人社会中Pronunciamiento的性质和动态，在墨西哥1821-76的情况下测试革命活动的主流理论，增强跨大西洋英国-墨西哥-美国合作奖学金，帮助四位年轻学者发展他们的职业生涯，并产生一个非常有用的数据库，三本重要的编辑书籍和一本专著。

The aim of this project is to develop a better understanding of the civil conflicts that broke out with remarkable and tragic consistency following the achievement of independence. Over 2000 so-called pronunciamientos erupted in Mexico between 1821 and 1876 (see appendix 2 in my Mexico in the Age of Proposals [Westport: Greenwood Press, 1998], pp. 277-287), in some cases leading to bloody civil wars (e.g., the Civil War of 1832, the Revolution of Ayutla [1854-55], the Civil War of the Reforma [1858-60]), in others to a peaceful change of government, the removal of controversial ministers, or a shift in policy. I am interested in exploring the political culture that appears to have legitimised the threat of armed rebellion as a means of effecting political change during this period. I want to bring together a formidable group of high profile scholars to study together the origins, levels and nature of participation and development, outcomes, representation, and memory of the experience of the pronunciamiento in Independent Mexico. Three conferences will be held in St Andrews, based around three different yet interrelated cycles, namely: 1. Origins, Causes, Irruptions; 2. Actors, Development and Experience; and 3. Memory, Commemoration, Representation and Historiography. By appointing 2 Research Assistants, my intention is to create an on-line relational database of individuals, communities, regiments, factions/parties and professions who actively contributed to the numerous pronunciamientos that erupted during this period. This will be an extremely useful research tool, since it will enable future generations of scholars to obtain a true sense of who took up arms and why, and to determine whether certain patterns or trends emerged with the passing of time, leading to what could be viewed as an institutionalisation of the pronunciamiento. Cross-referencing entries of individual, group, institutional (Town Hall-civilian/military) pronunciados/rebels with meaningful analyses of the individual pronunciamientos, their participants' demands and motivation, regional trends and patterns, urban and rural mobilisations, outcomes and memory (sacralised or demonised), with apposite reviews of relevant historiographical sources and a bibliography of political violence and revolutionary activity, will constitute an extremely helpful resource for the study of Independent Mexico, and by default, parallel postcolonial countries/contexts with acute political instability and endemic crises of legitimacy and governance. The research assistants involved in the project will be in a privileged position to further their own work in nineteenth-century Mexican politics, benefiting from the nature of the project with financed field work in Mexico in year 2, a network of outstanding academics, three groundbreaking conferences, and the opportunity to publish their own findings in the volumes that will be generated, acquiring transferable IT skills along the way. The two doctoral students will benefit from being part of a vibrant and stimulating intellectual community, aided by the two research assistants dedicated to the elaboration of the database, and involved in the three conferences that will be hosted in St Andrews, having the opportunity to try out their ideas on some of the most outstanding historians in the field. Their research and personal development will be further enhanced by their expected archival fieldwork in Mexico in year 2 of the project. This is a project that will significantly improve our understanding of Independent Mexico, the nature and dynamics of the pronunciamiento in a postcolonial Spanish American society, test mainstream theories of revolutionary activity in the case of Mexico 1821-76, enhance trans-Atlantic British-Mexican-American collaborative scholarship, assist four young scholars develop their careers as people and academics, and produce an extremely helpful database, three important edited volumes and a monograph.