Civic ceremony and religion in Bruges 1300-1520

像中世纪后期的许多欧洲城镇一样，布鲁日见证了所有仪式、集体和公共形式的奉献活动的巨大扩张。文物游行、礼拜仪式、节日庆典、宗教捐赠和行会都激增。为什么会出现这种现象？这本拟写的书试图按照几条主要的调查路线为这个问题提供答案。布鲁日本身的特殊宗教、政治、社会和经济条件将被研究，利用该镇丰富和未得到充分利用的档案。这些问题也需要在更广泛的比较框架内确定。布鲁日的城镇当局是否像意大利北部的城镇当局那样，创造了一种“公民宗教”和“身份认同”？本书对当地邪教、游行和其他仪式的公民管理特别感兴趣。与意大利北部的“城邦”不同，低地国家的城镇受到君主的统治。布鲁日与尺子之间的礼仪关系将是本书探讨的另一个主题。最近对勃艮第尺子使用宫廷场面和城市仪式的研究强调了国家对城市传统施加的压力，即这些是如何为了服务于“戏剧国家”或传达国家权力而产生的。这本书建议测试这些假设，并研究宫廷和城市在仪式层面上互动的其他方式，特别是在王子们进入布鲁斯的仪式上。所有这些主题都引发了更广泛的理论问题。首先，对邪教的公民管理的研究提出了宗教文化与社会条件之间的复杂关系，以及两者如何相互作用的问题。布鲁日当局不得不处理宗教机构和邪教，所有这些都有他们自己的传统：这些不能随意操纵。其次，研究布鲁日与尺子之间的礼仪关系需要考虑“仪式”与权力、“象征性交流”与权力的行使之间的关系。人类学理论可以帮助澄清对这些问题的思考。但当代人对游行和宗教象征的意义也需要充分挖掘。在布鲁日，公民档案和教会档案中都有丰富的材料，有助于对中世纪晚期仪式的性质和功能进行背景研究。

Like many European towns during the later Middle Ages, Bruges witnessed a great expansion in all ceremonial, collective and public forms of devotion. Processions of relics, liturgical ceremonies, festive celebrations, religious endowments and guilds all proliferated. Why did this phenomenon occur? The proposed book seeks to provide answers to the question following several main lines of inquiry. The particular religious, political, social, and economic conditions in Bruges itself to be examined, using the rich and underexploited archives of the town. These issues also need to be set within a wider comparative framework. Did the town authorities in Bruges create a 'civic religion' and 'identity' in the same way that their counterparts in Northern Italy are said to have done? Civic management of local cults, processions and other ceremonies will be of particular interest in this book.Unlike the 'city states' of Northern Italy, towns in the Low Countries were subject to princely rule. The ceremonial relationship between Bruges and its rulers will be another theme pursued in this book. Recent research into the use made by Burgundian rulers of court spectacles and urban ceremonies has emphasised the pressure exerted by the state on urban traditions, how these were made to serve a 'theatre-state' or communicate state power. This book proposes to test these assumptions, and examine other ways in which court and city interacted at a ceremonial level, particularly in the Entry ceremonies that princes made into Bruges.All these themes prompt wider theoretical questions. Firstly, a study of civic management of cults raises questions about the complex relationship between religious culture and social conditions, and how the one interacted with the other. The Bruges authorities had to deal with religious institutions and cults, all with their own traditions: these could not be manipulated at will. Secondly, a study of the ceremonial relationship between Bruges and its rulers requires consideration of the relationship between 'ritual' and power, 'symbolic communication' and the exercise of authority. Anthropological theories can help to clarify thought on these problems. But the meanings that contemporaries attached to processions and religious symbolism also need to be fully explored. The wealth of material available in Bruges in both the civic and ecclesiastical archives helps to contextualise study of the nature and function of late medieval ceremonies.