Armed Conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq (2001-2005) and Legal Constraints: Continuity and Change in International Humanitarian Law

国际人道主义法规范战争行为，包括平民和战俘的待遇。同国际法的其他分支一样，它以条约和“习惯法”为基础，而“习惯法”是在各国的实践和法律义务意识的基础上随着时间的推移而演变和发展起来的。阿富汗（自2001年以来）和伊拉克（自2003年以来）的冲突引发了围绕国际人道法的一系列严重问题。为了了解国际人道法在保障战争受害者权利方面的有效性，建立可适用于这些国家武装冲突和占领情况的习惯规则至关重要。这本书的目的是第一次尝试对与阿富汗和伊拉克的武装冲突和占领情况有关的适用于国际和国内武装冲突的习惯规则提供连贯的理论分析。它试图回答两个重要的、全面的问题：如何确定习惯规则，以及我们如何解释确定习惯规则的方法？本分析将涉及一些具体的关键问题，包括被俘的“非正规”部队成员的地位和待遇，如阿富汗的基地组织和被占领的伊拉克的游击队员，他们不符合1949年《日内瓦第三公约》（《战俘公约》）规定的战俘地位；1949年《日内瓦第四公约》（《平民公约》）下保护平民的规则是否适用于这种“非正规部队”的成员；以及违反国际人道法行为的受害者可以要求赔偿的程度。这一理论项目的成果对于更好地理解9·2事件后21世纪世界秩序中的现代国际人道法框架至关重要。希望这本专著将加强对武装冲突和占领期间所有战争受害者的有效保障。

International humanitarian law (IHL) regulates the conduct of warfare, including the treatment of civilians and prisoners of war (PoW). As with other branches of international law, it is based on treaties and "customary law", the latter having evolved and developed over time on the basis of both the practice and the sense of legal obligation of States. The conflicts in Afghanistan (since 200I) and Iraq (since 2003) have raised a number of serious issues around IHL. It is crucial to establish the customary rules that can be applied to situations of armed conflicts and occupation in these countries in order to understand the effectiveness of IHL in guaranteeing the rights of victims of war.This book project is intended to be the first attempt to provide a coherent theoretical analysis of the customary rules applicable to international and internal armed conflicts in relation to the situations of armed conflicts and occupation in Afghanistan and Iraq. It seeks to answer two important, overall questions: how should customary rules be identified, and how can we account for the methods by which they were identified? A number of specific key issues will be covered within this analysis, including the status and the treatment of captured members of "irregular" forces, such as the Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan, and the Fedayeen fighters in occupied Iraq, who do not qualify for prisoners of war (PoW) status under the Third Geneva Convention (Prisoners of War Convention) of I 949; the applicability of the rules protecting civilians under the Fourth Geneva Convention (Civilian Convention) of 1949 to members of such "irregular>forces; and the extent to which victims of violations of IHL can claim redress.The outcome of this theoretical project will be essential for a better understanding of the framework of modern IHL in the post­ September II world order in the 21" Century. It is hoped that this monograph will enhance the effective guarantees for all victims of war during the armed conflicts and occupation.