Cultural Geographies of Counter-Diasporic Migation: The Second Generation Returns 'Home'

在移民和散居研究中，第二代人对家庭、身份和“归属”有着异常复杂和模糊的看法。此外，他们与“祖国”——他们的父母在移民之前出生和生活的地方——的联系很少得到研究。现在，来自世界各地有战后大规模移民历史的地区（如希腊和塞浦路斯）的人口统计数据表明，第二代移民回归是一个日益增长的现象。这个项目，建立在对回归的希腊裔美国人，希腊裔德国人和英国出生的希腊裔塞浦路斯人的比较研究的基础上，将为如何将散居者，移民和身份概念化和理解提供新的线索。另一个重要的背景是希腊和塞浦路斯的“移民逆转”：从20世纪50年代、60年代和70年代的大规模移民（希腊主要移民到北美和德国，塞浦路斯主要移民到英国）到20世纪80年代以来的大规模移民（来自东欧、中东、非洲和亚洲）。这让回归的第二代人面临着一个急剧变化的家园。我们的研究问题包括：“家园”的形象是如何构建并传递给散居海外的第二代的？在了解祖国及其作为“待居之地”的潜在选择的过程中，短暂的“母国”访问扮演什么角色？近年来，全球化和大规模移民从根本上改变了他们记忆中的“纯粹的”希腊（或塞浦路斯）（来自父母的故事、度假旅行等），当这些海归发现这一点时，他们会作何反应？第二代移民的回归在多大程度上改变了散居的概念，成为“反散居”——扭转了“分散”？第二代的回归如何改变他们身份的意义和界限：他们对“他们是谁”和“家”在哪里的感觉？目的、目的和方法本研究的主要目的是探讨第二代移民的回归及其复杂而矛盾的身份认同和家庭观。具体目标包括：三组教学选择的第二代“回家”的比较分析；了解身份和归属如何在私人和公共环境中受到争议和执行；在严格收集口头和书面个人叙述的方法创新。该研究是多地点、多方法的。按照生活故事的方法，我们将在希腊和塞浦路斯的实地调查中收集90个叙事故事，每组30个。此外，我们将在返回地和选定的移民“来源”地点（伦敦、纽约、柏林）采访族裔社区领导人和关键线人。第二代成员将在后三个地点分别进行焦点小组讨论，以探讨祖屋的形象和体验。参与观察、实地记录、网络讨论、视频、摄影和录音将补充上述数据收集方法。潜在的应用和好处这项研究将具有开创性，因为它将是：第一个解决第二代回归的反移民现象的研究之一；其独特之处在于对返乡的第二代移民与新移民之间的“移民遭遇”的调查；数据收集技术组合的方法论创新通过将移民作为研究过程的积极参与者，与他们以及学术受众讨论研究结果，与他们进行接触。因此，我们的跨学科多方法方法具有示范作用-展示如何对移民进行某些类型的研究。而且，除了希腊和塞浦路斯的情况外，它还可能适用于过去大量移民和现在大量返回的其他地区，例如其他南欧国家。北非，加勒比海等。

Within migration and diaspora studies, the second generation has unusually complex and ambiguous views of home, Identity and 'where they belong'. Moreover, their connection to the 'homeland' - where their parents were born and lived before they emigrated - has been little researched. Now, demographic data from various parts of the world with a history of postwar mass emigration (such as Greece and Cyprus) show that second-generation return is a growing phenomenon. This project, built around a comparative study of returning Greek-Americans, Greek-Germans and British-born Greek Cypriots, will shed new light on how diasporas, migration and identities are conceptualised and understood. Another Important context is the 'migration reversal' of Greece and Cyprus: from mass emigration in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s (Greece mainly to North America and Germany, Cyprus mainly to the UK), to mass immigration since the 1980s (from Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Asia). This confronts the returning second generation with a dramatically changing homeland. Our research questions include: How are images of the 'homeland' constructed and passed on to the second generation in the diaspora? What is the role of short 'home-country" visits in the learning process about the homeland and its potential selection as a 'place to be'? How do the returnees react to the discovery that the 'pure' Greece (or Cyprus) of their received memory (from parents' stories, holiday visits etc.) has been fundamentally altered by globalisation and mass immigration in recent years? To what extent is the very notion of diaspora transformed by the return of the second generation as a 'counter-diaspora' - reversing the 'scattering'? How does the second generation's return change the meaning and boundaries of their identities: their sense of 'who they are' and of where 'home' is? Aims, objectives and methods The overarching research aim is to explore the second generation's return and their complex and ambivalent identities and views of home. Specific objectives include: Comparative analysis of second-generation 'home-comings' of three instructively-chosen groups; Understanding how identities and belonging are contested and performed in private and public settings; Methodological innovation in the rigorous collection of oral and written personal narratives. The research is multi-sited and multi-method. Following a life-story approach, we will collect 90 narrative accounts, 30 in each group, during fieldwork in Greece and Cyprus. In addition, we will interview ethnic community leaders and key informants, both in the places of return and in selected 'source' migration sites (London, New York, Berlin). Focus-group discussions amongst second-generation members will be conducted in each of these three latter places in order to explore the images and experiences of the ancestral home. Participant observation, field notes, Internet discussions, and video, photographic and audio recordings will supplement the above data collection methods. Potential applications and benefits The research will be pioneering in that it will be: One of the first to address the counter-diasporic phenomenon of second-generation return; Unique in its investigation of the 'migrant encounter* between the returning second generation and new immigrants; Methodologically Innovative in Its combination of data collection techniques; Engaging with the migrants studied by incorporating them as active participants in the research process, and discussing findings with them, as well as with academic audiences. Our interdisciplinary pluri-method approach thus has an exemplary function - to demonstrate how to carry out certain kinds of research with migrants. And, beyond the Greek and Cyprus cases, it has potential applications in other areas of significant past emigration and current return, such as other Southern European countries. North Africa, the Caribbean etc.