Divided Country: Memory and History in Twentieth-Century Italy

分裂的国家：二十世纪意大利的记忆和历史在过去的25年里，意大利的“记忆研究”有了巨大的增长。这项工作往往是零碎的，很少有充分的理论，方法论或历史讨论的基础。它也常常是片面的，涉及到一组记忆对其他记忆的促进。我的研究借鉴了历史资料，但也在其他类型，包括戏剧，电影，摄影，音乐，小说和纪录片的记忆的关键使用。本书将广泛使用口述历史学家的著作--尤其是孔蒂尼（孔蒂尼的“分裂记忆”概念是一个关键概念）、帕塞里尼和波尔泰利。所有这些历史学家都致力于研究有关记忆和过去的争议性问题（法西斯主义，战时大屠杀，1968年）。口述历史特别允许对记忆的主观性进行批判性的研究-它包含错误的记忆，自我表征和记忆的政治化。我的研究从一个主要论点开始，然后编织成各种案例研究。我认为，自统一以来，意大利的所有历史都以分裂记忆的趋势为标志。人们对事件的解释截然不同，事实本身也常常受到质疑。对于发生了什么，为什么发生，以及如何记住发生了什么，几乎没有共识。该项目旨在通过对各种案例研究的审查来调查和解释这一现象。该项目将调查意大利的分裂的历史（在特定的历史事件和分裂的史学解释两种意义上的分裂）之间的关系，这种倾向于分裂和碎片化的记忆。分裂是领土上的，但也是政治和意识形态上的。意大利的历史可以被解读为一系列的内战，这些内战几乎产生了关于发生了什么、为什么发生以及如何记住的截然不同的想法。此外，自统一以来一直处于合法性危机的国家的弱势角色，允许替代愿景和反对意见出现并扎根。在整个研究过程中，我们将区分活的记忆和死的记忆。第一部分包括纪念碑、史书、证词、牌匾。这种记忆“只有在它能使内心记忆保持活力时才有意义。死的记忆可以帮助引出活的记忆，但它不能取代它的位置。'（Bobbio）.一座坟墓只有在亲戚来访、被创造、被移动或在附近留下一些鲜花时才有意义。正是记忆位点和主动记忆之间的相互作用创造了记忆或使记忆保持活力。冲突也算。可以说，在意大利缺乏共识导致了对记忆和遗忘问题的更多辩论和研究，使问题在其他社会中仍然存在，而这些问题在其他社会中已经被写入历史书。这里的记忆是以不同的方式看待的。个人和集体的私人记忆主要通过口述历史，但也通过日记，传记和自传。公众记忆将通过牌匾、纪念日、纪念碑和其他各种“记忆场所”进行分析，这些场所是为了应对重大和次要的重要时刻而创建的。将在一些关键领域建立地点、空间和记忆之间的联系。在这方面，国家是一个重要的参与者，对记忆的政治利用一直是当代意大利的一个关键特征。然而，对国家和“官方”记忆策略的抵制也一直是一种趋势。第一章当代意大利的记忆和历史2殖民主义3法西斯主义4第一次世界大战5法西斯主义6抵抗运动7大屠杀和大屠杀的记忆，1943-19458从福伊贝到萨拉热窝。9 1950- 1970年的经济奇迹10 1968-1980年的起义、革命、反动

Divided Country: Memory and History in Twentieth-Century ItalyContextThere has been a vast increase in 'memory study' in Italy over the last 25 years. This work has often been fragmentary and has seldom been adequately grounded in theoretical, methodological or historical discussion. Often, too, it has been one-sided, involved in the promotion of one set of memories over others. My research draws on historical sources but also makes critical use of memories in other genres, including theatre, cinema, photography, music, fiction and documentary. Extensive use will be made of the work of oral historians - above all Contini (whose concept of 'divided memory' is a key one), Passerini and Portelli. All of these historians have worked on controversial questions regarding memory and the past (fascism, wartime massacres, 1968). Oral history in particular allows for a critical approach to the subjectivity of memory - it embraces false memories, self-representation and the politicisation of memory. My research begins with one main argument, which is then woven into various case studies. I argue that all of Italian history since Unification has been marked by a tendency towards divided memory. Events have been interpreted in contrasting ways, and the facts themselves have often been contested. There has been very little consensus what happened, why it happened, and how to remember what happened. This project aims to investigate and explain this phenomenon through the examination of various case studies. The proejct will investigate the relations between Italy's divided history (in the sense both of the divisions created by specific historical events and divided historiographical interpretation) and this tendency towards divided and fragmented memory. Divisions have been territorial, but also political and ideological. Italy's history can be read as a series of civil wars which have almost produced contrasting ideas about what happened, and why, and how to remember. Moreover, the weak role of the state which has been in the throes of a legitimation crisis ever since Unification, has allowed alternative visions and oppositions to emerge and take root. Throughout the research use will be made of the distinction between living and dead memory. The first consists of memorials, history books, testimonies, plaques. This memory 'only makes sense if it serves to keep interior memory alive. Dead memory can help to elicit live memory, but it cannot take its place.' (Bobbio). A tomb only takes on meaning when it is visited by a relative, or created, or moved, or some flowers are left nearby. It is the interaction between memory sites and active remembering which creates memory or keeps it alive. Conflict also counts. It could be argued that the very lack of consensus in Italy has led to more debate and research over the issues of memory and forgetting, keeping issues alive where, in other societies, they have been consigned to the history books. Memory here is looked at in various ways. Individual and collective private memories are seen mainly through oral history but also via diaries, biographies and autobiographies. Public memories will be analysed through plaques, anniversaries, monuments and various other 'places of memory' created in response to moments of major and minor importance. Links between place, space and memory will be made in relation to a number of key areas. An important actor here is the state, and the political use of memory has been a key feature of contemporary Italy. However, resistance to the state, and to 'official' memory strategies, has also been an ever-present trend. Chapters:1 Memory and History in Contemporary Italy2 Colonialism3 Emigration4 World War One5 Fascism6 The Resistance7 Memories of Massacre and the Holocaust, 1943-19458 From the Foibe to Sarajevo. The North-East 9 Economic Miracle, 1950-70 10 Revolt, Revolution, Reaction, 1968-1980 Conclusion