THE GENEVANS AFTER ROUSSEAU, 1762-1802

在17世纪60年代至80年代之间，日内瓦一场自称“反叛者”的政治运动的领导人认识到，像他们自己这样的城市共和国不再是真正独立的，他们试图使自己的国家更加民主。国际世界由享有公共信贷的商业君主制统治，这反过来又促进了庞大的雇佣军军队的建立。小共和国再也无法自卫，成为受现实政治驱使的君主制的牺牲品。1764年，日内瓦激进分子的导师让-雅克·卢梭发表了他关于国内和平和小共和国生存的改革建议，名为《蒙塔涅的自由》。在这一点上，日内瓦的瑞普雷派拒绝了卢梭的想法，并决定，如果他们的共和国要生存下去，小国和大国之间的力量平衡必须改变。这就需要对法国和不列颠帝国进行改革，因为日内瓦人认为这些大国主导着西欧的国际关系。值得注意的是，许多日内瓦人在英国和法国都变得突出起来，并在接下来的几十年里走在了改革政治的前列。在17世纪80年代初，他们得到了谢尔本勋爵的支持，特别是当他在1782年至1733年担任首相时，他们试图通过在沃特福德建立“新日内瓦”来改变爱尔兰的经济。他们的计划是让无所事事的天主教农民成为勤劳的新教工匠，让他们参与由专业的Genevan企业家领导的制表业。随后，日内瓦人试图说服英国的部长们废除对帝国贸易进行经济控制的“商业体系”。他们在卡隆省和皮特省的运动的高潮是1786年与法国签订的《伊甸园条约》，该条约被视为通过联合英国和法国的经济利益来保护小型商业共和国的利益的重要一步。18世纪80年代，居住在英国的日内瓦激进分子与巴黎的革命同僚密切协调他们的战略。后者由1782年离开日内瓦的富商Etienne Clavière领导。克拉维埃随后聘请了加布里埃尔-奥诺雷-里克蒂·德·米拉博和雅克-皮埃尔·布里索来促进他的各种商业世界主义项目，部分是通过有影响力的法国巴黎银行和法国兴业银行。当法国革命开始时，克拉维埃和另外两位日内瓦人雅克-安托万·杜罗弗雷和埃蒂安·杜蒙成为了被同时代人称为“米拉博工作室”的一部分，该工作室负责撰写这位伟大演说家在国民议会的许多演讲，此外还编辑了他的期刊《普罗旺斯信使》。1791年4月Mirabeau去世后，Clavière帮助布里索在制宪会议中组建了Gironde党，在此过程中极大地影响了汤姆·潘恩和孔多塞侯爵等著名革命支持者的政治。克拉维埃在恐怖战争中去世之前，成为法国君主制的最后一位财政部长，也是新法兰西共和国的第一位财政部长。相比之下，艾蒂安·杜蒙从法国逃到伦敦，在那里他通过谢尔本圈子与杰里米·边沁密切接触。杜蒙把他杂乱无章的手稿拿来编辑和翻译，从而使边沁出名。他们合作的第一个成果是《L的公民和人民的特征》(1802年)，成为哲学激进主义的创始文本。日内瓦激进分子对欧洲思想史的贡献从未得到承认，尽管他们的影响范围从自由贸易、反天主教、改革新教和反奴隶制运动，到革命的法国共和主义和英国的功利主义。

Between the 1760s and the 1780s, leaders of a Genevan political movement calling themselves 'représentants', who were seeking to make their state more democratic recognized that city-republics such as their own were no longer genuinely independent. The international world was dominated by commercial monarchies enjoying access to public credit, which in turn facilitated the establishment of huge mercenary armies. Small republics could no longer defend themselves, and were falling prey to monarchies motivated by Realpolitik. The Genevan radicals' mentor, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, published his reform proposals for civil peace and the survival of small republics in 1764 as 'Lettres écrites de la montagne'. At this point the Genevan représentants rejected Rousseau's ideas, and decided that the balance of power between small and large states had to change if their republic was to survive. This necessitated the reform of the French and British empires, because these powers were perceived by the Genevans to dominate international relations in western Europe. Remarkably, many of the Genevans became prominent in both Britain and in France, and were in the forefront of reform politics in the following decades. In the early 1780s they were supported by Lord Shelburne, especially when he was Prime Minister in 1782-3, in an attempt to transform Ireland economically by establishing a 'new Geneva' at Waterford. Their plan was to turn idle Catholic peasants into industrious Protestant artisans by involving them in a watch-making industry led by expert Genevan entrepreneurs. Subsequently, the Genevans sought to persuade British ministers to dismantle the 'mercantile system' of economic controls over empire trade. The culmination of their campaign in the Calonne and Pitt ministries was the 'Eden' Treaty with France in 1786, which was seen as a major step in protecting the interests of small commercial republics by uniting the economic interests of Britain and France. In the 1780s, the Genevan radicals who lived in Britain were closely co-ordinating their strategies with fellow représentants in Paris. The latter group was led by the wealthy merchant Etienne Clavière, who had left Geneva in 1782. Clavière then employed Gabriel-Honoré Riqueti de Mirabeau and Jacques-Pierre Brissot to foster his various projects for commercial cosmopolitanism, in part through the influential 'Société des Amis des Noirs' and 'Société Gallo-Américaine'. When the revolution commenced in France, Clavière and two other Genevans, Jacques-Antoine Duroveray and Etienne Dumont, became part of what contemporaries called the 'atelier de Mirabeau', which was responsible for writing many of the great orator's speeches in the National Assembly, in addition to editing his journal, the Courier de Provence. After Mirabeau's death in April 1791, Clavière helped Brissot to forge the party of the Gironde in the Constituent Assembly, in the process greatly influencing the politics of well-known supporters of the revolution, such as Tom Paine and the Marquis de Condorcet. Clavière became the last finance minister of the French monarchy and the first of the new French republic before dying during the Terror. Etienne Dumont, by contrast, fled France for London, where he became closely involved, through the Shelburne circle, with Jeremy Bentham. Dumont made Bentham famous by taking his disorganized manuscripts and editing and translating them. The first fruit of their collaboration was the 'Traité de Législation civile et pénale' (1802), which became a founding text of philosophic radicalism.The Genevan radicals' contribution to Euruopean intellectual history has never been recognized, although their influence ranged from the free trade, anti-Catholic, reform Protestant, and anti-slavery movements, to revolutionary French republicanism and British utilitarianism.