Adolescents' Exposure to Family and Community Violence

这项研究的目的是确定机制，解释为什么一些青少年的票价比 另一些则是针对家庭和社区暴力。该研究假设， 家庭过程和青少年的日常经历，这些近端变量解释了 影响了青少年的机能该研究提供了家庭过程的深入视角， 通过家庭和同伴互动的行为样本进行日常体验，并通过14天 每天的日记数据。该研究还假设，暴力暴露导致生物失调， 下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）轴的压力（通过皮质醇测量），以及暴力- 暴露的青少年在应对消极的家庭互动时容易激活HPA。本研究延伸 一项正在进行的调查，涉及三个以前的评估婚姻暴力，亲子攻击， 和社区暴力在一个不同种族的样本双亲家庭的孩子年龄9或10岁时， 研究开始了。拟议的项目增加了对这些暴露变量的三项评估， 将研究从青春期前延伸到青春期后期。六波数据收集允许 研究跨时间的级联效应，从负面的家庭过程，青少年反馈环 日常经历和青少年的适应以双向的方式促进了 暴力通过对家庭和社区暴力进行反复、详细的评估，可以检验 多种类型的暴力，年龄较小的暴力，以及更持久的暴力， 普遍和有害的后果。由于理解的重要性，青春期成为目标 与暴力接触相关的风险如何与此时的正常挑战相吻合，以及 因为青少年在教育、社会和健康领域成功谈判的能力很高， 这对他们随后作为年轻人的身体和心理适应至关重要。该研究有多个 报告者（青少年，母亲，父亲，同龄人），使用多种类型的数据收集，并测量多种 发展结果（行为和心理功能;对他人的攻击;学术 高风险、危害健康的行为）。通过增长曲线模型估计， 偏最小二乘潜变量分析，我们研究了多个路径， 暴露影响青少年的结果。对最近的、可修改的变量的关注最终可以被用来 为针对遭受暴力的青少年的干预和预防方案提供信息。

The objective of this study is to identify mechanisms that explain why some adolescents fare worse than others in response to family and community violence. The study hypothesizes that violence exposure erodes family processes and adolescents' daily experiences, and that these proximal variables account for compromised adolescent functioning. The study provides in-depth perspectives of family processes and ongoing daily experiences through behavioral samples of family and peer interactions, and through 14days of daily diary data. The study also hypothesizes that violence exposure leads to dysregulated biological stress of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (measured through cortisol), and that violence- exposed youth are primed for HPA activation in response to negative family interactions. This study extends an ongoing investigation involving three previous assessments of marital violence, parent-child aggression, and community violence in an ethnically diverse sample of two-parent families with a child age 9 or 10when the study began. The proposed project adds three more assessments of these exposure variables, and extends the study from pre-adolescence through late adolescence. Six waves of data collection allow for the study of cascading effects across time, with feedback loops from negative family processes, adolescent daily experiences and adolescent adjustment contributing in a bi-directional fashion to the likelihood of violence. Repeating, detailed assessments of family and community violence allow for testing whether multiple types of violence, violence at an earlier age, and more persistent violence contribute to more pervasive and deleterious outcomes. Adolescence is targeted because of the importance of understanding how the risks associated with violence exposure coincide with the normal challenges at this time, and because adolescents' abilities to successfully negotiate educational, social, and health domains are highly salient to their subsequent physical and psychological adjustment as young adults. The study has multiple reporters (adolescent, mother, father, peer), uses multiples types of data collection, and measures multiple developmental outcomes (behavioral and psychological functioning; aggression toward others; academic achievement; and high-risk, health-compromising behaviors). Through growth curve models estimated using partial least squares latent variable analysis, we examine multiple pathwaysthrough which violence exposure influences adolescent outcomes. The focus on proximal, modifiable variables ultimately can be used to inform intervention and prevention programs for adolescents exposed to violence.