RLP- and RLK-mediated innate immune responses in Arabidopsis and tomato triggered by PAMPs and avirulence factors

植物经常受到生物和非生物因素的挑战。生物因子包括通过病原体相关分子模式（PAMP）向植物揭示其存在的病原体，例如细菌鞭毛蛋白、脂多糖、肽聚糖和真菌几丁质。另一方面，植物有细胞表面受体，可以扫描环境中的病原体。在植物中有三种类型的细胞表面受体; a）完全在细胞外，如多聚半乳糖苷酶抑制剂（PGIP），B）大部分蛋白质在细胞外，但在细胞质内有一个短尾，称为受体样蛋白（RLP）和c）受体部分在细胞外，但也有大部分在细胞质中，作为催化结构域，如受体样激酶（RLK）。这些受体蛋白可以识别微生物PAMP，可以赋予对特定病原体的抗性，并且可以彼此相互作用以激活下游信号传导。为了了解抗性，我们需要更好地了解这些受体在识别和激活防御反应中的作用，这不仅是因为其内在的利益，而且还因为其在作物保护中的重要作用。该提案的主要目的是了解细胞表面受体在激活植物免疫系统中的作用。突变体将用于研究这些免疫受体在识别卵菌病原体中的作用，所述卵菌病原体包括芸苔属的霜霉病和白色锈病以及马铃薯和番茄的晚疫病病原体。我们有初步数据表明，这些基因中的一些突变会导致病原体生长和疾病发展的增强。例如，在3种不同的RLK编码基因中的突变允许番茄晚疫病病原体P. infestans的生长。对这些基因的详细研究将有助于我们构建番茄和马铃薯病害的防治策略。

Plants are challenged routinely by biotic and abiotic factors. Biotic factors include pathogens that disclose their presence to plants by Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs), such as bacterial flagellin, lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycon and fungal chitin. On the other hand, plants have cell surface receptors that scan the environment for incoming would be pathogens. There are three types of cell surface receptors in plants; a) completely outside the cell such as polygalacturanase inhibitor (PGIP), b) majority of the protein is outside the cell but a short tail within the cytoplasm, known as receptor-like proteins (RLP) and c) receptor part is outside but also has a large part in the cytoplasm that acts as a catalytic domain such as receptor-like kinase (RLK). These receptor proteins may function to recognize microbial PAMPs, may confer resistance to specific pathogens, and could interact with each other to activate downstream signaling. To understand resistance, we need to understand better the role of these receptors in recognition and the activation of the defense response not only because of its intrinsic interest and but also because of its important role in crop protection. The main aim of this proposal is to understand the role of cell surface receptors in activating the immune system of plants. Mutants will be used to investigate the role of these immune receptors in recognition of oomycete pathogens including downy mildew and white rusts of brasssicas and late blight pathogen of potato and tomato. We have initial data suggesting that mutation in some of these genes result in enhanced pathogen growth and disease development. For example, mutation in 3 different RLK-encoding genes allows the growth of late blight pathogen of tomato, P. infestans. Detailed studies of these genes would help us to construct a strategy to control this disease in tomato and potato.