Prediction and Assessment of Aircraft/Rotorcraft-Pilot Coupling Phenomena

莱特兄弟对他们第一次和随后的动力飞行的描述表明，他们经历了飞行员引起的俯仰振荡。他们的飞机是不稳定的，并且需要飞行员相对高水平的预期控制来保持期望的飞行路径。在利物浦赖特项目中，在有人驾驶模拟中重建赖特兄弟飞机的飞行，带来了这些所谓的PIO（pilot-induced-oscillations）to life，我们已经能够解释导致它们的环境以及潜在的物理机制。早期莱特飞机的操纵品质与任何现代标准相比都很差，但即使是在正常飞行中具有良好操纵品质的飞机，在适当的情况下也会被迫进入PIO，正是这种现象的阴险性质导致了它的持续神秘性和随之而来的研究刺激。PIO在第一次动力飞行中的存在是一个信号，表明它们将永远存在于航空的发展中。固定翼飞机PIO的臭名昭著的例子，如YF-16“第一次”飞行期间的滚转PIO和萨博Grippen在两次演示飞行中的俯仰偏离，由于公众的强烈兴趣和随后的分析，但同样戏剧性的不稳定性发生在旋翼机上，可以在“非官方”视频中看到，例如，V-22在舰载着陆期间的滚转PIO和CH-53在外部载荷下的集体/起伏PIO以及随后的坠毁。这些或类似事件的分析结果尚未在公开文献中发表，对RPC的特殊性普遍缺乏了解意味着继续发生的风险很高;特别是随着新技术的日益使用，特别是全权数字飞行控制系统，这是几起固定翼飞机事故的一个促成因素。PIO属于一类称为飞机/旋翼机-飞行员耦合（A/RPC）的现象，这一主题是拟议研究的主题。我们研究的目的是发展理论，“模型”和解释有助于APC的物理机制。该理论将通过基于实际发生的案例研究和重建的飞行员模拟来提供信息。这项研究将继续探索在新飞机的设计和试验程序中包括A/RPC考虑因素的选择。

The description by the Wright Brothers of their first and subsequent powered flights suggests that they experienced pitch oscillations of a pilot-induced nature. Their aircraft were unstable and there was a need for a relatively high level of anticipatory control by the pilot to hold a desired flight path. The re-construction of the flights of the Wright Brothers' aircraft in piloted simulation in the Liverpool Wright Project has brought these so called PIOs (pilot-induced-oscillations) to life and we have been able to explain the circumstances that lead to them, and the underlying physical mechanisms. The early Wright aircraft had poor handling qualities, compared with any modern standard, but even aircraft with good handling qualities while in normal flight, can be forced into a PIO given the right circumstances and it is this insidious character of the phenomena that has led to its continuing mystery and consequent stimulus for research. The presence of PIO's in the first ever powered flights was a signal that they would be ever present in the development of aviation. The infamous examples of fixed wing aircraft PIOs, such as the roll PIO during the 'first' flight of the YF-16 and the pitch departure of the Saab Grippen in two demonstration flights, tend to be remembered because of the intense public interest and subsequent analysis but equally dramatic instabilities have occurred on rotorcraft and can be seen on 'unofficial' videos, e.g. roll PIO of a V-22 during shipboard landing and collective/heave PIO and subsequent crash of a CH-53 with external load. Results from the analysis of these, or similar, occurrences have not been published in the open literature and the generally poor understanding of the peculiarities of RPC's means that the risk of continuing occurrence is high; especially with the increasing utilisation of new technologies, particularly full authority digital flight control systems, a contributing factor in several fixed-wing aircraft incidents. PIOs are in a class of phenomena called aircraft/rotorcraft-pilot-couplings (A/RPCs) and this topic is the subject of the proposed research. The intention in our research is to develop theory which 'models' and explains the physical mechanisms that contribute to APCs. The theory will be informed by case studies based on actual occurrences and reconstructed pilot simulations. The research will go on to explore options for including A/RPC considerations within design and testing procedures for new aircraft.