The First 'Liberals': Stoicism in the Enlightenment

该项目将首次系统研究古典斯多葛主义对欧洲启蒙运动的政治思想，特别是自由主义思想的深刻而迄今未被充分认识的影响。它将表明，斯多葛学派提供了第一个适当发展的个人权利理论，是第一个成功地传播普遍主义、公正、平等主义、宽容和世界主义价值观的人。然后，它将追溯这些价值观在早期现代思想中的传播和解释，并展示洛克，史密斯，沃斯通克拉夫特，康德和杰斐逊等启蒙人物直接受到斯多葛学派解放政治思想影响的方式。

This project will provide the first systematic study of the profound yet hitherto under-appreciated influence of classical Stoicism on the political thought of the European Enlightenment, particularly liberal thought. It will show that the Stoics provided the first properly developed theory of personal rights and were the first to successfully promulgate the values of universalism, impartiality, egalitarianism, tolerance and cosmopolitanism. It will then trace the transmission and interpretation of such values in early modern thought and demonstrate the manner in which Enlightenment figures like Locke, Smith, Wollstonecraft, Kant and Jefferson were directly influenced by the emancipatory political thought of the Stoics.