POST EARTHQUAKE FIELD INVESTIGATION OF THE PISCO, PERU EARTHQUAKE 15TH AUGUST 2007

2007年8月15日，当地时间18：41（格林尼治标准时间23：41），利马东南偏南约145公里（90英里）的秘鲁中部海岸附近发生强烈地震。这次地震的震级为里氏8.0级。在伊卡-利马-皮斯科地区，至少有650人死亡，1600人受伤，据报道，上钦查、伊卡和皮斯科受到广泛破坏。该地区发生了大范围的通讯和电力中断，泛美公路的裂缝阻碍了救援工作。这次地震发生在纳斯卡板块和南美板块的交界处。这两个板块以每年77毫米的速度聚合。这次地震发生在两个板块交界处的逆冲断层上，南美洲板块在纳斯卡板块上方向上移动并向海移动。沿海的秘鲁有发生特大地震的历史。8月15日的地震起源于1974年10月8.1级地震的震源区以南，以及1942年8月（7.7级）和1996年（7.7级）发生的大地震的震源区以北。最近两个世纪以来最大的沿海秘鲁地震是1868年的9级地震，震中位于8月15日地震东南约700公里处。1868年的地震引发了海啸，造成沿着南美海岸数千人死亡，并在夏威夷造成破坏。该小组的主要兴趣是研究这种大规模事件产生的后果（对建筑物和基础设施的破坏以及人员伤亡）。秘鲁民防局报告说，超过34，000所房屋倒塌，在伊卡镇，当地学者报告的伤亡人数不成比例地高，据说地面运动加速度为0.6 g（6 m/s2）。大部分住宅楼宇均为非工程土坯建筑。特别是，该小组将专注于土坯/非工程住宅建筑的损坏和性能。在早期的事件之后，当地和国际工程界为改善该地区的土坯房做出了显著的努力，将这些土坯房与其他土坯房的性能进行比较非常重要。据报道，在皮斯科市，超过70%的土坯建筑倒塌，正在迅速清理。此外，30-40%的混凝土建筑物遭受了一定程度的破坏，正在迅速拆除。因此，该团队必须迅速调动和捕获这些关于建筑物和伤亡人员的易逝数据。与此相关的破坏使这成为一个独特的研究机会，以研究其影响、国际社会如何作出反应以及我们如何能够最好地为类似的灾难做好准备，通过欧洲应急基金工作队及其成员的努力，已与一些大学和地方当局建立了联系，即利马天主教大学和秘鲁平民保护组织，它们表示愿意协助欧洲应急基金工作队。JRC和RMS的执业工程师也通过他们参与的项目与秘鲁有联系。通过这些接触，预计该小组将能够有效地开展工作，并获得有用的信息和感兴趣的设施。

On 15th August 2007 a powerful earthquake struck at 18:41 local time (2341 GMT) near the coast of Central Peru, about 145 km (90 miles) south-southeast of Lima. This earthquake measured 8.0 on the Richter scale. At least 650 people have been killed and 1600 injured in the Ica-Lima-Pisco area and extensive damage has been reported at Chincha Alta, Ica and Pisco. Widespread communications and power outages have occurred in the area and relief efforts were hindered by cracks in the Pan American Highway. This earthquake occurred at the boundary between the Nazca and South American tectonic plates. The two plates are converging at a rate of 77 mm per year. The earthquake occurred as thrust-faulting on the interface between the two plates, with the South American plate moving up and seaward over the Nazca plate.Coastal Peru has a history of very large earthquakes. The August 15 shock originated just south of the source region of the magnitude 8.1 earthquake of October 1974 and just north of the source regions of major earthquakes that occurred in August 1942 (magnitude 7.7) and 1996 (magnitude 7.7). The largest coastal Peru earthquake of the last two centuries was the magnitude 9 earthquake of 1868, which was centered about 700 km southeast of the August 15 earthquake. The 1868 shock produced a tsunami that killed several thousand people along the South American coast and also caused damage in Hawaii. The team's primary interest is to study the consequences (damage to buildings and infrastructure and casualties) generated by such a large the magnitude event. The Peru Defensa Civil has reported that over 34,000 houses have collapsed and in the town of Ica, local academics have reported a disproportionately high numbers of casualties, where ground motion accelerations were said to be 0.6g (6m/s2). Most of the residential buildings are of non-engineered adobe construction.In particular, the team will be concentrating on the damage and performance of adobe/non-engineered residential construction. There have been notable efforts by the local and international engineering communities to improve adobe housing in the region after earlier events and it will be of great importance to compare the performances of these in relation to others. It has been reported that in Pisco city, over 70% of adobe buildings collapsed and is rapidly being cleared. In addition, 30-40% of concrete buildings have suffered some level of damage which are being demolished rapidly. It is therefore essential for the team to mobilise and capture this perishable data on buildings and casualties quickly. The associated devastation makes this a unique research opportunity to study the effects, how the international community responds and how we can best prepare for similar catastrophes.Largely through the efforts of EEFIT and its members, contacts have been established with a number of universities and local authorities, namely the Catholic University in Lima and the Peru Civil Protection, which have expressed willingness to assist the EEFIT team. The practicing engineers from JRC and RMS also have contacts in Peru through projects they have been involved with. Through these contacts, it is expected that the team will be able to work effectively and gain access to useful information and facilities of interest.