Hair and toenail nicotine as biomarkers of actual population exposure to tobacco

描述(申请人提供)：烟草烟雾是唯一最可预防的癌症风险，也是肺癌全球发病率最高的原因。烟草与癌症的相关性研究依赖于烟草暴露评估的问卷数据，这是主观和不准确的。因此，烟草暴露导致癌症的真实风险预计比文献报道的要高，并将导致低风险的无效发现。烟草暴露的生物标志物提供了补充的客观措施，可以改善烟草暴露的评估。更广泛使用生物标记物的一些障碍是缺乏以人群为基础的参考值来确定与健康结果有关的暴露标准或截止点。对于烟草暴露，血清、唾液和尿可替宁生物标志物的使用比其他生物标志物更广泛，因为它们确实存在总体价值。然而，这些生物标志物是偶然的。然而，人们对毛发和脚趾甲尼古丁水平以及一般人群中健康个体的总体变异性知之甚少。此应用程序的目的是评估参与加州烟草调查的加利福尼亚州健康普通人群中头发和脚趾甲尼古丁的平均人群水平及其变异性。将从2008年调查中随机挑选500名参与者，就与烟草暴露有关的问题和通过邮寄收集的毛发和脚趾甲样本通过电话进行采访。100名参与者将被要求送去唾液可替宁样本，以与脚趾甲和头发尼古丁水平进行比较，以达到敏感性和特异性的目的。我们还将评估最能预测这些生物标志物的问卷变量，以确定是否适合与癌症相关的研究。这项研究的结果将有助于将这些生物标志物水平标准化，并为未来更广泛的使用提供参考价值，S将帮助为加州烟草调查和其他人口调查完善吸烟流行率，并提高对癌症风险的预测。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Tobacco smoke is the single most preventable risk of cancer and is responsible for lung cancer being the highest in incidence worldwide. Research on the association between tobacco and cancer relied on questionnaire data for tobacco exposure assessment which are subjective and inaccurate. Therefore, the true risk of cancer from tobacco exposure is expected to be higher than what is reported in the literature and would lead to null findings for low risks. Biomarkers of tobacco exposure offer complementary objective measures that can improve exposure assessment of tobacco. Some of the obstacles to wider use of biomarkers are the lack of population based reference values for determination of standards of exposure or cut-off points in relation to health outcomes. For tobacco exposure, serum, saliva and urine cotinine biomarkers have been more widely used than others because population values do exist for them. However, these biomarkers are influsure. However, little is known about the population levels of hair and toenail nicotine levels and the overall variability among healthy individuals in the general population. The aim in this application is to assess mean population levels of hair and toenail nicotine and their variability in a healthy general population in California participating in the California Tobacco Survey. A total of 500 participants will be randomly selected from the 2008 Survey and interviewed by phone on tobacco exposure related questions and hair and toenail samples collected by mail. A subsample of 100 participants will be asked to send salivary cotinine samples to be compared to toenail and hair nicotine levels for sensitivity and specificity purposes. We will also assess questionnaire variables that best predict these biomarkers to determine suitability for cancer related studies. Results from this study would help standardize these biomarker levels and provide reference values for wider future use and s will assist in refining the prevalence of smoking for the California Tobacco Survey and other population surveys as well as improve the prediction of cancer risk.