Mexican-origin Teen Moms, Their Infants, and Mother Figures: Health & Development

描述(由申请人提供)：这项研究将研究发展、家庭、文化和经济因素如何相互作用，为两组儿童的健康和发育提供信息，这些儿童面临不良健康后果的不成比例风险：墨西哥裔青春期母亲及其年幼的孩子。墨西哥裔少女的全国出生率最高，是全国总出生率的两倍多(《国家生命统计报告》，2005年)。由于青春期母亲的孩子出现不良后果的风险增加(Chandra，Schivello，Ravi，Weinstein，&Hook，2002)，而且青春期母亲的心理社会功能已被确定为儿童健康和发展的预测因素(Carthers，Borkowski，Lefever，&Whitman，2005)，因此研究影响青春期母亲的心理社会功能，她们的育儿行为，进而影响孩子的健康和发展的因素是至关重要的。我们建议在我们对墨西哥裔青少年母亲、她们的母亲或母亲形象(在我们的研究中称为女性家庭成员；FFM)及其婴儿的研究的基础上，包括从青少年怀孕第三个月期间(第一波)从青少年和FFM收集的数据，以及从婴儿10个月大时(第二波)和婴儿24个月大时(第三波)从青少年母亲、FFM和婴儿收集的数据。我们建议从参与原始项目的206个家庭(N=618)的所有三个家庭成员中收集额外的三个测量点。这项跨多代人的纵向研究将涵盖a)从青春期母亲处于青春期中后期(即15-18岁)到成年初期(20-23岁)的五年期间的文化、家庭和发育过程和结果，以及b)其幼儿从婴儿期(即10个月)到儿童早期(即5岁)的情况。具体目的是审查(1)两个规范发展过程的轨迹(即族裔认同、自主性)和墨西哥裔青少年母亲从青春期中后期到成年初期的心理社会功能轨迹(例如抑郁症状)之间的联系，并确定缓和这些联系的家庭、同伴和文化特征；(2)家庭(即母亲-青少年冲突)、经济(即经济困难)和文化(即文化适应压力和歧视)应激源如何与青少年母亲的心理社会功能轨迹相关联，并调查调节这些关联的家庭、同伴和文化特征；以及(3)青少年母亲的心理社会功能轨迹如何预测她们的育儿行为，进而预测其子女的健康和发展轨迹；我们还将测试调节这些关联的家庭、同伴和文化特征。对墨西哥裔儿童的关注至关重要，因为拉丁裔(其中墨西哥裔占多数)被反复认定为健康和行为结果负面的高危人群，事实上，在2010年《健康人》确定的几乎所有领先健康指标中，都显示出极大的适应不良风险(CDC，2008)。 与公共健康相关：在美国，拉美裔人在《健康人2010》(CDC，2008)确定的几乎所有领先健康指标中都表现出更大的适应不良风险，并承担着不成比例的疾病、伤害、死亡和残疾负担(CDC，2004A)。此外，墨西哥裔少女少女的少女怀孕率居全国之首(少女怀孕率是全国平均水平的两倍多；《国家生命统计报告》，2005年)。这项研究将有助于理解如何促进墨西哥裔青少年母亲及其年幼子女的积极健康和发展，这与卫生局局长关于解决拉美裔和其他少数民族之间的健康差距的呼吁是一致的(美国卫生局局长，2008年)。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This study will examine how developmental, family, cultural, and economic factors interact to inform the health and development of two groups of children who are disproportionately at risk for negative health outcomes: Mexican-origin adolescent mothers and their young children. Adolescent females of Mexican origin have the highest national birthrate, and it is over twice the overall national rate (National Vital Statistics Report, 2005). Because children of adolescent mothers are at increased risk for negative outcomes (Chandra, Schivello, Ravi, Weinstein, & Hook, 2002) and adolescent mothers' psychosocial functioning has been identified as a predictor of children's health and development (Carothers, Borkowski, Lefever, & Whitman, 2005), it is critical to examine the factors that inform adolescent mothers' psychosocial functioning, their parenting behaviors, and in turn, their children's health and development. We propose to build on our study of Mexican-origin adolescent mothers, their mothers or mother figures (referred to in our study as the female family member; FFM), and their infants, which involved data gathered from adolescents and FFMs during the adolescents' third trimester of pregnancy (Wave 1), and from adolescent mothers, FFMs, and infants when infants were 10 months of age (Wave 2) and again when infants were 24 months of age (Wave 3). We propose to collect three additional points of measurement from all three family members in the 206 families who participated in the original project (N = 618). This longitudinal, multi-generational study will capture cultural, family, and developmental processes and outcomes for a) adolescent mothers and FFMs over a five-year period beginning when adolescent mothers are in middle/late adolescence (i.e., 15-18 years of age) through emerging adulthood (20-23 years of age), and b) their young children from infancy (i.e., 10 months) through early childhood (i.e., 5 yrs of age). Specific aims are to examine (1) the linkages between trajectories of two normative developmental processes (i.e., ethnic identity, autonomy) and trajectories of Mexican-origin adolescent mothers' psychosocial functioning (e.g., depressive symptoms) from middle/late adolescence through emerging adulthood, and to identify family, peer, and cultural characteristics that moderate these associations; (2) how family (i.e., mother-adolescent conflict), economic (i.e., economic hardship), and cultural (i.e., acculturative stress and discrimination) stressors are linked to adolescent mothers' trajectories of psychosocial functioning, and to investigate the family, peer, and cultural characteristics that moderate these associations; and (3) how trajectories of adolescent mothers' psychosocial functioning predict their parenting behaviors and, in turn, trajectories of their children's health and development; we also will test family, peer, and cultural characteristics that moderate these associations. A focus on Mexican- origin children is critical because Latinos (of which Mexican-origin are a majority) are repeatedly identified as an at-risk population for negative health and behavioral outcomes and, in fact, show substantial risk for maladjustment in almost all leading health indicators identified by Healthy People 2010 (CDC, 2008). PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Latinos show greater risk for maladjustment in almost all of the leading health indicators identified by Healthy People 2010 (CDC, 2008) and bear a disproportionate burden of disease, injury, death, and disability in the U.S. (CDC, 2004a). Furthermore, Mexican-origin adolescent females lead the nation in rates of teen pregnancy (with rates over twice the national average; National Vital Statistics Report, 2005). This research will contribute significantly to understanding how to promote positive health and development among Mexican-origin adolescent mothers and their young children, which is in line with the Surgeon General's call to address health disparities among Latinos and other ethnic minorities (U.S. Surgeon General, 2008).