Appraising the Direct Impacts of Aerosol on Climate (ADIENT)

气溶胶是空气中的微小颗粒，来自自然表面来源（如土壤灰尘和海水喷雾）和人为来源（车辆废气，发电站羽流等）。存在于大气中的气溶胶粒子倾向于将阳光反射回太空，导致地球大气层冷却。然而，一些气溶胶，例如来自火灾和旧柴油汽车，是由碳制成的，实际上吸收了太阳光。这使大气变暖。气溶胶对气候也有间接的影响：例如，云中的每个水滴通常是在气溶胶颗粒周围形成的，因此大气中更多的气溶胶也会影响云的形成。尽管我们对气溶胶有很多了解，但它们的总体影响还不确定。目前还不清楚它们是冷却还是加热了地球。在这个项目中，我们将共同使用一架飞机在两个不同的英国活动中测量气溶胶特性（如大小和成分）+ ADIENT-PLUME：六次飞行将在英国城市的下风向的北海上空进行，以测量气溶胶粒子的演变+ ADIENT-BUDGET：六次飞行将绘制英国源对区域气溶胶的影响。此外，三次飞行将在静止条件下进行，这有利于气溶胶污染物的积累。此外，我们将投入一些飞行时间进行一项欧洲研究，该研究试图量化欧洲范围内的气溶胶特性。新的数据将被用来描述英国典型的气溶胶特性，并测试模型如何描述气溶胶及其特性的演变。所获得的见解，然后将用于提高我们的模拟能力，控制气溶胶的发展过程。最后，英国和欧洲气溶胶的新数据将与其他地区现有的飞机，卫星和地面测量进行比较，以描述欧洲气溶胶对地球大气中光的影响与撒哈拉沙漠和亚马逊盆地等其他重要全球来源地区的气溶胶相比有多强。

Aerosols are tiny particles in the air derived from natural surface sources (such as soil dust and sea spray) and human sources (vehicle exhausts, power station plumes, etc.). Aerosol particles present in the atmosphere tend to reflect sunlight back into space, causing cooling of the Earth's atmosphere. Yet some aerosols, for example from fires and old diesel cars, are made from carbon and actually absorb the Sun's light. This warms the atmosphere. Aerosols also have an indirect effect on the climate: for example each water droplet in a cloud is normally formed around an aerosol particle, so more aerosols in the atmosphere will also affect how clouds form. Despite all that is known about aerosols their overall effect is uncertain. It is unclear if they cool or heat the Earth. In this project we will use an aircraft jointly to make measurements of aerosol properties (such as size and composition) in two different UK campaigns + ADIENT-PLUME: Six flights will be performed over the North Sea in plumes downwind of UK cities to measure the evolution of aerosol particles + ADIENT-BUDGET: Six flights will be carried out mapping the impact of the UK sources on regional aerosol. In addition, three flights will be made in still conditions which favour the build up of aerosol pollutants In addition we will devote some flying hours to a European study that is trying to quantify aerosol properties on a European scale. The new data will be used to characterise aerosol properties typical of the UK and to test how well models describe the evolution of aerosols and their properties. Insights gained will then be used to improve our modelling capability of those processes which control aerosol development. Finally the new data on UK and European aerosol will be compared with existing aircraft, satellite and ground based measurements of other regions to provide a description of how strongly European aerosol effects light in the Earth's atmosphere compared to aerosol found over other important global source regions such as the Sahara desert and the Amazon basin.