Thermal tolerances of Arctic and temperate marine ectotherms under varying rates of change

生物体对环境变化的反应目前主要采用两种不同的方法来解决。对物种的分布范围和分布范围的变化进行了观察研究，其次是对科普实验变化的能力进行了实验室调查。前者缺乏对生物属性如何与环境条件相匹配以及这些条件的变化的详细了解。后者遭受的时间尺度和变化率的问题，因为实验是在较短的时间内进行，并利用更快的变化比绝大多数的自然环境变化，无论是观察或预测。为了弥补这一差距，对南极海洋物种进行了研究，研究的温度从急性（1摄氏度天-1）到长期适应（几个月的生存温度），变化幅度很大。在这些实验中，物种的温度上限随暴露时间呈指数下降，例如急性极限在8.4 ℃至17.8 ℃之间，而数月的存活仅发生在1.0 ℃至6.0 ℃的温度下。外推法表明，一个“平均”物种一年的生存温度将在+2摄氏度和+3摄氏度之间。然而，南极海洋物种的温度非常低，对温度上升非常敏感。迫切需要其他区域物种的类似数据。这项研究将调查如何科普变化的能力不同的变化率在北极和温带（英国）地区的动物。将评估来自不同营养功能团（食肉动物、食腐动物、食草动物和悬浮摄食动物）的不同动物群体，以确定不同群体和具有不同活动和需氧范围水平的物种的不同生存能力。还将获得关于各种生活史特征如何受此影响的数据，预期的假设是胚胎和幼虫阶段将明显比成虫更敏感。具体而言，将在从急性（1C第-1天）到中期（每周温度变化）到适应（长期存活数月至数年）的不同实验温度升高方案中评估胚胎和幼虫的存活极限、执行基本生物学功能的能力和活力。还将适应高温的样本的胚胎和幼虫的耐受性与对照组（无温度升高）进行比较，以评价F1适应效应。

Organism responses to changing environments are currently primarily addressed using two divergent approaches. There are observational studies of range and changes in range of species and secondly there are laboratory investigations of capacities to cope with change in experiments. The former suffer from a lack of detailed understanding of how organism attribute matches environmental conditions and variation in those conditions. The latter suffers from timescale and rate of change problems because experiments are conducted over shorter durations and utilise more rapid change than the vast majority of natural environmental change either observed or predicted. In an attempt to bridge the gap studies in Antarctic marine species have been carried out at markedly varying rates of temperature rise from acute (1C day-1) to long-term acclimated (temperatures for survival of several months). Upper temperature limits for species in these experiments decline exponentially with duration of exposure, such that acute limits are between 8.4C and 17.8C, whereas survival over periods of months only occurs at temperatures of 1.0C to 6.0C. Extrapolation suggests survival temperatures for a year for an 'average' species would be between +2C and +3C. Antarctic marine species are, however, markedly stenothermal and sensitive to rising temperature. There is an acute need for similar data for species from other regions. This study will investigating how abilities to cope with change vary with differing rates of change in animals from Arctic and temperate (UK) localities. Different groups of animals from different trophic guilds (carnivores, scavengers, grazers and suspension feeders) will be assessed to identify differing capacities to survive in different groups and in species with differing activity and aerobic scope levels. Data will also be obtained on how various life history characters are affected by this, with the expected hypothesis that embryonic and larval phases will be markedly more sensitive than adults. Specifically survival limits, abilities to perform essential biological functions and viability of embryos and larvae will be assessed in differing regimes of experimental temperature elevation from acute (1C day-1) through medium term (weekly temperature changes) to acclimated (long-term survival for months to years) regimes. Tolerances of embryos and larvae of specimens acclimated to elevated temperature will also be compared with control groups (no temperature elevation) to evaluate F1 adaptation effects.