Anti-viral immune responses in lymph node

描述（由申请人提供）：该项目名为“淋巴结中的抗病毒免疫反应”，旨在更深入地了解淋巴结（LNs）中病毒抗原引发的免疫事件的诱导和调节。许多病毒和大多数常规疫苗通过皮肤进入人体，并通过淋巴管进入排气管。这些器官被认为在外周感染的适应性免疫反应中起关键作用；因此，了解LNs内发生的细胞和分子相互作用将为改进疫苗开发提供有用的见解。进入LNs的淋巴源性异物被抗原呈递细胞（apc）捕获并处理，然后将这种物质呈递给B细胞和T细胞以引起效应反应和长期免疫记忆。决定淋巴来源的抗原物质如何在LNs中处理的规则，特别是在持续感染的背景下，以及哪些细胞和分子必须相互作用才能引起保护性免疫反应（或不能这样做）的规则知之甚少。为什么有些病毒（如小鼠的VSV）会诱发一种强有力的、多管齐下的保护性免疫反应，从而消除病原体，而其他病毒（如流感）只会产生短暂的保护性免疫，而少数病毒（如人类的HIV）会通过不断破坏并最终耗尽宿主的抗病毒防御来建立一种慢性存在？这些不同结果背后的机制可能是多因素的，取决于单个病毒与宿主相互作用方式的差异。为了探索活体动物中这些相互作用的动力学，该计划的所有组成部分项目将在完整的LNs中使用多光子活体显微镜（MP-IVM），这些显微镜将在活体显微镜核心中提供，用于对淋巴传播病毒粒子的先天和适应性免疫反应进行时间和空间分辨的可视化。在项目1中，von Andrian博士将探索利用VSV和其他几种病毒病原体对淋巴传播病毒感染的先天和适应性免疫反应。在项目2中。Drs。Sharpe和Wherry将可视化PD-1:PD-L1、PD-1:PD-L2和PDL1:B7.1负性共刺激通路对流感和LCMV抗病毒免疫的影响。在项目3中。Carroll博士将剖析补体和补体受体在流感病毒体液免疫中的作用。最后，在项目4中，dr。光泽。Mempel和Tager将描述人源化小鼠hiv感染淋巴结中的细胞动力学和病毒传播。希望从这些高度互动和协同实验中获得的机制见解将导致新的、循证的和知识驱动的抗病毒疫苗发展战略。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This Program entitled "Anti-viral Immune Responses in Lymph Nodes" seeks to gain a deeper understanding of the induction and regulation of immunological events that are elicited by viral antigens in lymph nodes (LNs). Many viruses and most conventional vaccines enter the body through the skin and travel via lymphatics to draining LNs. These organs are believed to have a critical role in the adaptive immune response to peripheral infections; therefore, understanding the cellular and molecular interactions that occur within LNs will provide insights that may be useful for improved vaccine development. Lymph-borne foreign matter entering LNs is captured and processed by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which then present this material to B and T cells to elicit effector responses and long-lived immunological memory. The rules that determine how lymph-derived antigenic material is handled in LNs, especially in the context of ongoing infections, and what cells and molecules must interact to elicit a protective immune response (or fail to do so) are poorly understood. Why do some viruses (e.g. VSV in mice) induce a potent, multi-pronged protective immune response that eliminates the pathogen, while others (e.g. influenza) generate only transient protective immunity, and a few (e.g. HIV in humans) establish a chronic presence by continuously subverting and eventually exhausting the host's anti-viral defenses? The mechanisms behind these different outcomes are likely multi-factorial and depend upon differences in the way individual viruses interact with their hosts. To explore the dynamics of these interactions in living animals, all component projects of this Program will employ multi-photon intravital microscopy (MP-IVM) in intact LNs that will be offered in the Intravital Microscopy Core for time-and space-resolved visualization of the innate and adaptive immune response to lymph-borne virions. In Project 1, Dr. von Andrian will explore innate and adaptive immune responses to lymph-borne viral infections using VSV and several other viral pathogens. In Project 2. Drs. Sharpe and Wherry will visualize the effects of the negative costimulatory pathways, PD-1:PD-L1, PD-1:PD-L2 and PDL1 :B7.1 on antiviral immunity to influenza and LCMV. In Project 3. Dr. Carroll will dissect the role of complement and complement receptors in humoral immunity to influenza virus. Finally, in Project 4, Drs. Luster. Mempel and Tager will characterize the cellular dynamics and viral dissemination in HIV-infected lymph nodes of humanized mice. It is hoped that the mechanistic insights gained from these highly interactive and synergistic experiments will lead to new, evidence-based and knowledge-driven development strategies for anti-viral vaccines.