Sleep duration required to restore performance during chronic sleep restriction

描述（由申请人提供）：数百万美国人每晚睡眠时间通常少于6小时，这一睡眠时间不足以维持健康的生理功能，并伴有代谢、免疫功能、激素、情绪和表现/警觉性异常。长期睡眠不足的累积成本使个体容易出现注意力缺失、错误和事故。睡眠不足对工作表现的影响在生物（昼夜节律）夜间是明显的，特别是当昼夜节律与睡眠-觉醒时间表不同步时，15%从事倒班工作的美国人可能会出现这种情况。我们最近证明，睡眠限制至少会影响大脑中两种不同的调节过程，这些过程在不同的时间尺度上起作用，从而影响表现。一个短期的过程需要几个小时才能形成，并且可以在一个长时间的睡眠中迅速恢复。这是一个长期的过程，需要几天到几周的有限睡眠，需要更长的恢复时间。然而，对于确定适当的应对措施或公共卫生教育而言，关键的未知信息是近期睡眠和觉醒事件的有限持续时间以及总体睡眠：觉醒比如何影响睡眠不足的短期和长期后果。拟议工作的结果将使我们能够确定慢性睡眠限制（CSR）的短期和长期后果的动态，以及它们如何与昼夜节律相结合，以确定任何给定时间的表现。参与者将在三周内按照20小时的睡眠+觉醒时间表生活，将睡眠-觉醒周期从内在的近24小时的警觉和表现节奏中分离出来。CSR组将经历相当于每24小时5.6小时的睡眠（1:3.3的睡眠：清醒比），而对照组将经历标准的“习惯性”1:2的睡眠：清醒比。这些数据将与已经收集的数据进行统计比较，这些数据来自同一设施的CSR（1:3.3睡眠：清醒）和标准（1:2睡眠：清醒）睡眠：清醒比例，但在28小时和42.85小时睡眠+清醒周期持续时间下的绝对睡眠和清醒持续时间不同。要充分理解睡眠稳态，需要对睡眠醒醒比、睡眠醒醒持续时间以及与昼夜节律的相互作用进行实验操作。这项工作与公共卫生直接相关。这项拟议的研究将有助于了解睡眠不足对运动表现的短期和长期影响，以及这些影响是如何受到人体生物钟24小时自然节律的影响的。重要的是要了解睡眠限制和昼夜节律如何相互作用，以确定表现，以便(i)可以制定工作班次规定，以尽量减少与疲劳有关的工业事故和机动车碰撞的机会，（ii）个人可以负责任地计划他们的睡眠。这项工作还将推进研究方法，用于测试促进觉醒疗法和其他干预措施对睡眠-觉醒调节中涉及的这两个不同过程的有效性。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Millions of Americans routinely sleep less than six hours per night, an amount shown to be insufficient for maintaining healthy physiologic function, with documented abnormalities in metabolism, immune function, hormones, mood and performance/alertness. The cumulative cost of chronic sleep deficiency predisposes an individual to attentional lapses, errors, and accidents. The effect of sleep deficiency on performance is pronounced during the biological (circadian) night, particularly when circadian rhythms are not synchronized to the sleep-wake schedule, as may occur in the 15 percent of Americans who are involved in shift work. We recently demonstrated that sleep restriction affects at least two different regulatory processes in the brain that act on different time scales o affect performance. A short-term process builds over hours and can be rapidly recovered within one long sleep episode. A long-term process builds over days-to-weeks of restricted sleep and has a longer time course of recovery. Key unknown information, however, for determining appropriate counter-measures or public health education, is how the finite durations of recent sleep and wake episodes and the overall sleep:wake ratio affect the short-term and long-term consequences of sleep deficiency. The results of the proposed work will allow us to determine the dynamics of the short- and long-term consequences of chronic sleep restriction (CSR) and how they combine with circadian timing to determine performance at any given time. Participants will live on a recurring 20-hr sleep+wake schedule for three weeks to uncouple the sleep-wake cycles from the intrinsic near-24 hour rhythm of alertness and performance. The CSR group will experience the equivalent of 5.6 hrs sleep per 24 hrs (1:3.3 sleep:wake ratio) while a control group will experience a standard "habitual" 1:2 sleep:wake ratio. These data will be statistically compared with already collected data from experiments in the same facility with CSR (1:3.3 sleep:wake) and standard (1:2 sleep:wake) sleep:wake ratios but different absolute sleep and wake durations under 28-hour and 42.85-hr sleep+wake cycle durations. Full understanding of sleep homeostasis requires experimental manipulation of both sleep:wake ratio and durations of sleep and wake, as well as the interaction with circadian phase. There is immediate public health relevance to this work. The proposed research will contribute to the understanding of the short-term and long-term consequences of sleep deficiency on performance and how these effects of sleep deficiency are influenced by the natural ~24-hour rhythm of the internal body clock. It is important to understand how sleep restriction and circadian timing interact to determine performance so that (i) work shift regulations can be developed to minimize the chances for fatigue-related industrial accidents and motor vehicle crashes and (ii) individuals can responsibly plan their sleep. This work will also advance research methods that can be used to test the effectiveness of wake-promoting therapeutics and other interventions on these two distinct processes involved in sleep-wake regulation. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Millions of Americans routinely sleep less than six hours per night, an amount shown to be insufficient for healthy function of numerous physiologic systems, including metabolism, immune function, and performance/alertness. This proposal will allow us to determine the dynamics of the short and long-term consequences of sleep deficiency and how they combine with circadian timing to affect performance at any given time.