Physiological Factors Driving Maturation of Neonatal Beta Cells

描述（由申请人提供）：本提案侧重于了解出生后第一个月期间发生的主要生理变化如何调节关键表型细胞基因表达的急剧变化并驱动细胞的功能成熟。令人惊讶的是，人们对细胞成熟的后期阶段知之甚少。这具有实际的重要性，因为在体外人ES衍生的细胞中，产生胰岛素的细胞缺乏葡萄糖响应性胰岛素分泌，这是功能性细胞的特征。新生啮齿动物胰岛也缺乏这种葡萄糖反应性，因此可作为诱导成熟过程的模型。在出生后的第一个月，随着葡萄糖刺激的胰岛素分泌逐渐发展，我们发现胰岛基因表达的多种模式，大多数在P7和9天之间具有显著的拐点，并再次在P15左右。虽然我们已经表明MafA的腺病毒介导的表达诱导葡萄糖刺激的胰岛素分泌（GSIS）几乎达到成人水平，但MafA和其他必需基因的发育增强必须受到生理刺激的调节。动态的新生儿环境，这是非常不同的成人提供了这些变化的景观：在P1血糖水平低，甲状腺激素（T3和T4），皮质酮（大鼠的主要糖皮质激素）和催乳素的水平，和饮食只有牛奶。血清T4水平在P7左右开始变化，在P13达到峰值，而瘦素在P8左右也出现激增;在P15左右皮质酮和催乳素出现激增。这些激素激增的时间表明，它们是新生儿细胞发挥功能所需的生理调节剂。为了解决这个问题，我们有三个具体目标。具体目标1.确定甲状腺激素促进细胞成熟的机制。我们显示了T3诱导葡萄糖响应性胰岛素分泌的初步数据，这是由转录因子MafA介导的。我们提出的实验，解剖的机制T3的MafA和其他基因诱导的功能成熟的调节。具体目标2。确定候选因子T3、瘦素、皮质酮和催乳素对细胞成熟的重要性。新生儿的环境与成人的环境非常不同，而且是动态的。我们假设各种生理因素调节细胞的成熟，并且特别吸引三种激素候选物，除了甲状腺激素，这可能发挥关键作用：血浆瘦素浓度在P7拐点左右激增，而皮质酮和催乳素浓度逐渐增加，直到P15左右激增，第二个关键拐点。具体目标3。为了确定在使新生大鼠B细胞成熟中有效的生理因素是否将类似地指导未成熟的人胰腺祖细胞的体外功能成熟。在这个翻译的目的，我们的目标是转移到胎儿人胰腺细胞的生理信号的知识，在体内成熟的前两个目标。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This proposal focuses on understanding how the major physiological changes occurring during the first postnatal month regulate the sharp changes in expression of key phenotypic ¿ cell genes and drive functional maturation of ¿ cells. Surprisingly little is known about the later stages of ¿ cell maturation. This has assumed practical importance because in vitro human ES-derived cells insulin-producing cells lack the glucose-responsive insulin secretion that is characteristic of a functional ¿ cell. Neonatal rodent islets also lack this glucose responsiveness and so serve as a model for the induction of the maturation process. Across the first postnatal month as the glucose-stimulated insulin secretion gradually develops, we found multiple patterns of islet gene expression, most with striking inflection points between P7 and 9 days and again about P15. While we have shown that adenoviral-mediated expression of MafA induced glucose- stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) almost to adult levels, the developmental enhancement of MafA and other necessary genes must be regulated by physiological stimuli. The dynamic neonatal environment that is very different from that of the adult provides the landscape of these changes: at P1 blood glucose levels are low, as are levels of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), of corticosterone (the main glucocorticoid of the rat) and of prolactin, and the diet is only milk. Serum T4 levels start changing around P7 and peak at P13 while leptin surges also about P8; there are surges of corticosterone and prolactin around P15 The timing of these hormonal surges suggests that they are the physiological regulators needed for neonatal ¿ cells to become functional. To address this question we have three specific aims. Specific aim 1. To determine the mechanisms for thyroid hormone enhancement of ¿ cell maturation. We show preliminary data that T3 induces glucose responsive insulin secretion and that is mediated by the transcription factor MafA. We propose experiments to dissect the mechanism of T3's regulation of MafA and other genes induced for functional maturation. Specific aim 2. To determine the importance of the candidate factors T3, leptin, corticosterone and prolactin on ¿ cell maturation. The environment of the neonate is very different than that of the adult and dynamic. We hypothesize that various physiological factors regulate the maturation of the ¿ cell and are particularly attracted to three hormonal candidates, in addition to thyroid hormone, that may play key roles: plasma leptin concentrations surge at about the P7 inflection point, while corticosterone and prolactin concentrations are gradually increasing until a surge at about P15, the second key inflection point. Specific aim 3. To determine if the physiological factors that are effective in maturing the neonatal rat B cell will similarly direct in vitro functional maturation of the immature human pancreatic progenitors. In this translational aim our goal is to transfer to fetal human pancreatic cells the knowledge of the physiological signals for in vivo maturation gained in the first two aims.