Delineating the Impact of Retrieval Practice in Aphasia

描述（由申请人提供）：今天有超过100万患者，失语症是左半球中风后常见的障碍，影响口语，书面或手势语言的产生或理解。该提案旨在提供基础研究，以支持基于来自基础心理学研究的强大学习原则的"治疗理论"的发展。这一理论的贡献将是最大限度地提高现有治疗失语症口语障碍的疗效和长期影响。本研究将通过对照实验评估以下核心学习原则在失语症中的应用：（1）从长期记忆中提取目标信息（即， （2）随着检索努力的增加，检索练习的效果会增加，直到达到"理想难度"，此时检索难度最大，但仍能成功;（3）随着时间的推移，间隔检索练习会促进长期保持。这些研究旨在阐明这些原则在改善失语症的单词提取障碍中的作用。在研究1中，检索练习训练将涉及呈现一幅图片，并在提示支持下命名（即， 第一个字母/声音）。提取训练对以后命名绩效的影响将被 对照不涉及从长期记忆中提取的基线条件（即，重复训练，其中单词被看到/听到和重复）。研究2将操纵 经过的时间（即，训练滞后）之间的初始重复机会和检索实践。 基于先前的工作，训练滞后预计与训练过程中检索成功率降低（反映检索难度增加）相关。然而，支持在随后的命名上的检索努力的作用，训练滞后的增加应该与最终命名评估的性能增加相关。研究3将把研究2的最佳延迟结合到分布式学习计划中，在该计划中，对单个项目进行多次检索。这种“优化”的分布式时间表将比较非分布式时间表，以建立失语症的扬声器命名性能的间隔检索实践的相关性。拟议的研究将作为R01的试点研究，致力于发展有效的治疗表达性语言障碍的失语症，指导治疗理论的基础上，在这里调查的原则。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): With over 1 million sufferers today, aphasia is an impairment common after left-hemisphere stroke that affects the production or comprehension of spoken, written, or gestured speech. This proposal seeks to provide foundational research to support development of a "treatment theory" based on powerful learning principles derived from basic psychological research. The contribution of this theory will be to maximize the efficacy and long-term impact of existing treatments targeting spoken language impairments in aphasia. The proposed research will evaluate with controlled experimentation the application of the following core learning principles in aphasia: (1) retrieving target information from long-term memory (i.e., retrieval practice) powerfully bolsters future success in retrieving the same information; (2) retrieval practice effects increase with increasing retrieval effort up to the point of "desirable difficulty," where retrieval is maximally difficult, yet successful; (3) spacing retrieval practiceover time promotes long-term retention. The proposed studies seek to delineate the role of these principles in the amelioration of word-retrieval impairments in aphasia. In Study 1, retrieval practice training will involve the presentation of a picture to be named with cueing support (i.e., first letter/sound). The effects of retrieval practice training on later naming performance will be measured against a baseline condition that does not involve retrieval from long-term memory (i.e., repetition training, where the word is seen/heard and repeated). Study 2 will manipulate the time elapsed (i.e., training lag) between an initial repetition opportunity and retrieval practice. Based on prior work, training lag is expected to be associated with decreasing retrieval success during training (reflecting increasing retrieval difficulty). However, supporting a role for retrieal effort on subsequent naming, increases in training lag should be associated with increasing performance at final naming assessment. Study 3 will incorporate the most optimal lag from Study 2 into a distributed schedule of learning where retrieval is practiced for individual items multiple times. This "optimized" distributed schedule will be compared to a non-distributed schedule in order to establish the relevance of spaced retrieval practice in the naming performance of speakers with aphasia. The proposed research will serve as pilot studies for an R01 dedicated to the development of efficacious treatments of expressive language impairment in aphasia, guided by a theory of treatment based on the principles investigated here.