"Crippled": A History of Childhood Disability in America, 1860-1980

描述（由申请人提供）： “残废”：《1860-1980年美国儿童残疾史》将是美国第一本关于身体残疾儿童的历史研究，其篇幅将超出脊髓灰质炎的故事。这个项目的目的是探讨从世纪中期到20世纪70年代，“残废”一词在美国被用于儿童时的力量，当时这个词被废弃，这个概念被更广泛地理解为“残疾儿童”。虽然历史学家仔细研究了其他类型的残疾和残疾人群体，但除了对脊髓灰质炎作为一种医学，文化和社会现象的研究外，矫形残疾儿童的主题一直被忽视。然而，当小儿麻痹症成为一个主要威胁时（1910年代），对“残疾儿童”的关注已经确立，并且在小儿麻痹症疫苗问世后（1955年），残疾儿童仍然存在于社会中。这一社会和文化历史将探讨外科医生和其他医生，康复专业人员，慈善工作者和倡导者塑造残疾儿童的医学定义和文化意义的方式，以及他们对残疾儿童需求的回应方式，同时保持儿童的生活经历成为叙事的中心。该项目始于1863年美国第一家主要为残疾儿童服务的医院（纽约破裂和残废医院）的成立，并于1980年结束，当时几乎所有的慈善和倡导组织和医院都从他们的名字中删除了“残疾”一词。该项目将使用口述历史和标准历史研究方法，即，在现有史学的背景下，分析来自各种档案收藏的主要来源。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): "Crippled": A History of Childhood Disability in America, 1860-1980, will be the first book-length historical study of physically disabled children in the United States to expand beyond the story of polio. The purpose of this project is to explore the power of term "crippled" as it was applied to children in the United States from the mid-nineteenth century through the 1970s, when the term fell into disuse and the concept gave way to the more broadly conceived "disabled child." While historians have scrutinized other types of disabilities and groups of disabled people, the subject of children with orthopedic disabilities has been neglected apart from research on polio as a medical, cultural, and social phenomenon. Concern for the "crippled child," however, was already well established when polio emerged as a major threat (1910s), and the crippled child was still present in society after the polio vaccine became available (1955). This social and cultural history will explore the ways in which surgeons and other physicians, rehabilitation professionals, charity workers, and advocates shaped the medical definitions and cultural meanings of the crippled child and the ways in which they responded to the needs of children defined as crippled, while keeping the lived experiences of the children central to the narrative. The project begins with the 1863 founding of the first hospital in the US primarily serving crippled children (the New York Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled) and concludes in 1980, by which time virtually all charitable and advocacy organizations and hospitals had removed the word "crippled" from their names. The project will use both oral history and standard historical research methodologies, i.e., the analysis of primary sources from a wide variety of archival collections, placed in the context of existing historiography.