How Survey Design Affects Elicited Perceptions and Inference on Health Outcomes

描述（由申请人提供）：拟议的项目考虑调查设计和问题框架的作用，在评估主观回答问题，通常用于获取有关健康和福祉的信息。它还开发了计量经济学技术，以控制可能由此产生的偏差。该项目将调查三个广泛使用的数据集，健康和退休研究（HRS），老龄化的英国纵向研究（艾尔莎），以及健康，老龄化和退休欧洲调查（SHARE），并将导致正在研究的影响的跨国比较。拟议的项目开发了计量经济学技术，以控制可能因调查设计和二级数据集中的问题措辞而产生的偏差，并将解决以下问题：（1）量表点或问题措辞的不同特征如何影响 对有关健康或福祉的调查问题的答复？(2)哪些人最容易受到调查设计（如问题措辞和排序）的影响？3)人们在多大程度上是以绝对值来评价问题，而不考虑问题与更广泛人群的关系，还是以相对值来评价问题，而只考虑参考人群？(4)如果这些影响的效果存在可预测的变化，那么这些信息是否可以用于改善对未来健康或经济结果的预测？(5)感知在健康或经济决策和结果中发挥什么作用？(6)比较各国的答复，需要作出哪些调整以考虑报告或态度的异质性并改进推断？从政策角度来看，这些偏见在不同亚群之间的差异程度很重要，因为未能控制态度异质性可能会导致对新政策或现有政策的评估出现缺陷。总的来说，如果行为没有像预测的那样做出反应，不正确的推断可能会付出代价。该分析将考虑如何衡量报告和态度的异质性，并利用这些信息来改善对未来健康和经济结果变量模型的推断（例如，个人是否有心脏病发作，通货膨胀是否超过退休人员的收入）。 公共卫生相关性：政策制定者通常依靠使用调查数据的研究结果来评估现有政策并建议新政策。然而，由于调查问题的设计，许多调查问题含有主观因素，可能受到外部因素或自我认识的影响。拟议的研究将开发识别和衡量这些影响的技术，以便政策制定者能够更好地预测对拟议政策变化的预期反应。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The proposed project considers the role of survey design and question-framing in evaluating subjective response questions commonly used to elicit information about health and wellbeing. It also develops econometric techniques to control for biases that might arise as a result. The project will investigate three widely-used longitudina datasets, the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), and the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), and will lead to cross-country comparisons of the influences being studied. The proposed project develops econometric techniques to control for biases that might arise from survey design and question phrasing in secondary datasets and will address the following questions: (1) How do different characterizations of the points of a scale or the wording of a question affect the distributions of responses to survey questions about health or well-being? (2) Which individuals are most susceptible to influences of survey design such as question wording and sequencing? 3) To what extent do people evaluate questions in absolute terms, without consideration of their relation to a broader population, versus in relative terms, through consideration of a reference population? (4) If there is predictable variation in the effects of these influences, can that information be used to improve predictions of future health or economic outcomes of interest? (5) What role do perceptions play in health or economic decisions and outcomes? (6) Comparing responses across countries, what adjustments are necessary to account for reporting or attitudinal heterogeneity and improve inference? The extent to which these biases differ across sub-populations is important from a policy perspective since failure to control for attitudinal heterogeneity could lead to flawed assessments of either new or existing policies. On aggregate, incorrect inference could prove costly if behavior does not respond as predicted. The analysis will consider ways to measure reporting and attitudinal heterogeneity and to use this information to improve inference from models of future health and economic outcome variables (e.g., whether an individual has a heart attack, whether inflation outpaces retirees' income). PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Often policymakers rely on research findings using survey data to evaluate existing policies and recommend new ones. Yet by their design, many survey questions contain an element of subjectivity that may be influenced by external factors or self-perceptions. The proposed research will develop techniques to identify and measure these influences, so policymakers can better predict the expected response to a proposed policy change.