An ERP Study of Number Processing and Error Detection in FAS and ADHD

摘要 胎儿酒精谱系障碍与注意缺陷多动障碍的研究 由于缺乏行为诊断标准的特异性， 以及对介导所观察到的认知功能的神经基质的有限理解 赤字在这些疾病中观察到的表型相似的缺陷很难区分 尽管病因不同PI Jacobson实验室的神经行为数据表明 胎儿酒精相关的算术损伤是由核心数量的缺陷介导的， 一种涉及在心理上表示和操纵数字的能力的系统（数字感）， 而在ADHD中，算术能力差似乎是由执行功能受损介导的。 PI Berger开发了使用事件相关电位（ERP）的创新范例， 研究算术和注意力的神经基础，这使得识别 数字处理基础的离散分量，包括幅度表示， 错误检测、选择性注意和反应抑制。我们建议进行第一次 比较FASD和/或ADHD儿童数字处理的ERP研究 为了进一步了解这些神经基质， 疾病，从而潜在地改善鉴别诊断。100名青少年（12.5- 15岁），将从特征良好的前瞻性纵向队列中选择 来自四个组：仅FASD;仅ADHD; FASD + ADHD;未暴露的未受影响的对照。 本研究的目的是（1）描述神经认知过程中的缺陷， FASD和ADHD的数字处理基础，使用标准化的数学 成就测试和基于当代数学理论的无文化电池 认知;（2）管理三个ERP范式，以检查哪些数字和控制 数字处理的过程在每一种疾病中都受到影响--非符号性的 数量的表征（数字性），算术错误的执行监控，选择性 注意、反应抑制/认知控制;（3）检查潜伏期 FASD或ADHD患者的主要ERP波形和振幅似乎发生了变化， 与行为数学评估的表现有关。探索性 还将进行分析，以确定对电子资源计划的影响程度 成分是特定于这些疾病中的每一种或可归因于整体 智力和/或执行功能以及整个大脑，灰色或白色 前扣带皮质或上级和低级皮质的体积 顶叶区可能介导观察到的效果。拟议的研究将在 南非的开普敦是这项研究的一个非常具有成本效益的地点， 在一个研究中心可获得大量FAS儿童， Channel Electrical Geodesics，Inc.，系统获取ERP数据。

ABSTRACT Research on fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been hampered by a lack of specificity in behavioral diagnostic criteria and limited understanding of the neural substrates that mediate the observed cognitive deficits. Phenotypically similar deficits seen in these disorders are difficult to distinguish despite different etiologies. Neurobehavioral data from PI Jacobson's laboratory suggest that fetal alcohol-related impairment in arithmetic is mediated by a deficit in the core quantity system involving the ability to mentally represent and manipulate number (numerosity), whereas in ADHD, poor arithmetic appears to be mediated by impaired executive function. PI Berger has developed innovative paradigms using event-related potentials (ERP) to examine the neural bases of arithmetic and attention, which make it possible to identify discrete components underlying number processing, including magnitude representation, error detection, selective attention, and response inhibition. We propose to conduct the first ERP study to compare number processing in children with and without FASD and/or ADHD to advance understanding of the neural substrates that are compromised in each of these disorders, thereby potentially improving differential diagnosis. 100 young adolescents (12.5- 15 years of age) from a well-characterized, prospective longitudinal cohort will be selected from four groups: FASD only; ADHD only; FASD + ADHD; non-exposed, unaffected controls. The aims of the study are (1) to characterize the deficits in neurocognitive processes that underlie number processing in FASD and ADHD, using a standardized mathematics achievement test and a culture-free battery based on contemporary theories of mathematical cognition; (2) to administer three ERP paradigms to examine which numerical and control processes of number processing are affected in each of these disorders-non-symbolic representation of quantity (numerosity), executive monitoring of arithmetic errors, selective attention, response inhibition/cognitive control; (3) to examine the degree to which latency and amplitude of the principal ERP waveforms that appear to be altered in FASD or ADHD are related to performance on the behavioral mathematics assessments. Exploratory analyses will also be conducted to determine the degree to which effects seen on the ERP components are specific to each of these disorders or attributable to deficits in overall intellectual and/or executive function and the degree to which total brain, gray or white matter volume, or volumes of the anterior cingulate cortex or the superior and inferior parietal region may mediate the observed effects. The proposed study will be conducted in Cape Town, South Africa, a highly cost-effective venue for this study, given the unusually large number of children with FAS available at a single site and the availability of a 128- channel Electrical Geodesics, Inc., system to acquire the ERP data.