Interactions of self-referential processing and cognitive control in adolescence

描述（由申请人提供）：青春期是一个发育期，在此期间，神经和社会发育发生重大变化，并与内化障碍和酒精滥用障碍（AUD）的发作相一致，这些障碍以性二态的方式表现。了解青春期发生的社会和神经生物学变化，并探索哪些因素与精神病理学的发病有关，对于阐明内化障碍和AUDs的生物学机制至关重要。认知控制功能在精神病理状态下经常受到损害，并且是青春期研究的重要过程，因为额顶叶网络是认知控制的主要基质，具有男孩和女孩不同的发展轨迹的长期发展速度。因此，青少年往往表现出不一致的认知要求的任务，特别是在情绪高涨的情况下，如那些涉及同龄人群体。青少年自我的发展是通过自我参照加工（SRP）来决定的，同伴在其中起着重要的作用。SRP中的性别差异尚未明确测量;然而，数据表明，女孩表现出更多的亲社会行为，这可能导致社会取向的提高，进而影响SRP。SRP参与默认模式网络（DMN），是一个健康和必要的过程，告知动机行为;然而，过度的SRP反映了在内化障碍和内化途径中发现的反刍过程，导致酒精滥用。事实上，与健康对照组相比，DMN在抑郁症患者中被证明是长期活跃的，并且在功能上更强大。此外，在抑郁症患者中观察到的认知控制缺陷可能是由于过度活跃的SRP或反刍过程。为了研究SRP如何与认知控制相互作用，将在混合块/事件相关任务混合SRP和认知控制（侧卫任务）试验期间和静息状态期间分别评估支持这些过程的网络之间的状态和特质功能连接。由任务激活的网络的状态依赖功能连接，DMN（内侧前额叶皮层和后扣带皮层）和额顶叶网络[背外侧前额叶皮层和上级顶叶 皮质），将被检查。这些网络内和之间的性状依赖的功能连接将在休息时检查，使用静息状态功能连接和图论技术。在任务期间和休息时，状态和特质功能连接的差异，将分别与社会行为和反刍的措施，并在侧卫任务的性能。由于亲社会行为的性别差异的突出和内化障碍和AUDs在青春期的发病，在任务和休息条件下的功能连接的性别差异也将进行检查。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Adolescence is a developmental period during which substantial changes in neural and social development occur and coincides with the onset of internalizing disorders and alcohol abuse disorders (AUD) that manifest in a sexually dimorphic manner. Understanding the social and neurobiological changes that occur during adolescence and exploring which factors relate to the onset of psychopathology will be crucial for elucidating the biological mechanisms of internalizing disorders and AUDs. Cognitive control function is often compromised in states of psychopathology, and is an important process to study during adolescence because the fronto-parietal network, a primary substrate of cognitive control, has a protracted rate of development with distinct developmental trajectories for boys and girls. As such, adolescents often show inconsistent performance on cognitively demanding tasks, especially during emotionally heightened contexts such as those involving peers groups. Peers play an important role in the development of self, which is determined through self-referential processing (SRP), during adolescence. Sex differences in SRP have not been explicitly measured; however, data suggest that girls exhibit more prosocial behavior, which may lead to a heightened social orientation that, in turn, impacts SRP. SRP engages the default mode network (DMN) and is a healthy and necessary process that informs motivated behavior; however, excessive SRP mirrors ruminative processes found in internalizing disorders and internalizing pathways leading to alcohol abuse. In fact, the DMN has been shown to be chronically active and more robustly functionally connected in depressed patients, compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, cognitive control deficits observed in depressed patients may be due to overactive SRP or ruminative processes. To examine how SRP interacts with cognitive control, state and trait functional connectivity between the networks supporting these processes will be assessed during a mixed block/event-related task intermixing SRP and cognitive control (Flanker task) trials and during resting state, respectively. The state-dependent functional connectivity of networks activated by the task, the DMN (medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex) and fronto-parietal network [dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and superior parietal cortex), will be examined. Trait-dependent functional connectivity within and between these networks will be examined at rest, using resting state functional connectivity and graph theoretical techniques. Differences in state and trait functional connectivity during task and at rest, respectively, will be correlated with measures of social behavior and rumination, and performance on the Flanker task. Due to the prominence of sex differences in prosocial behavior and onset of internalizing disorders and AUDs during adolescence, sex differences in functional connectivity during task and rest conditions will be examined as well.