Mexican-origin Teen Moms, Their Infants, and Mother Figures: Health & Development

描述（由申请人提供）：本研究将研究发展、家庭、文化和经济因素如何相互作用，以告知两组儿童的健康和发展，这两组儿童的健康和发展风险不成比例地具有负面健康结果：墨西哥裔青少年母亲和她们的幼儿。墨西哥裔少女的全国出生率最高，是全国出生率的两倍多（2005年国家人口动态统计报告）。由于青少年母亲的孩子面临负面结果的风险增加（Chandra, Schivello, Ravi, Weinstein, & Hook, 2002），并且青少年母亲的社会心理功能已被确定为儿童健康和发展的预测因子（Carothers, Borkowski, Lefever, & Whitman, 2005），因此研究影响青少年母亲社会心理功能、养育行为以及子女健康和发展的因素至关重要。我们建议建立在我们对墨西哥裔青少年母亲、她们的母亲或母亲形象（在我们的研究中称为女性家庭成员；FFM）和她们的婴儿的研究基础上，该研究涉及从青少年怀孕晚期的青少年和FFM中收集的数据（第1波），以及从婴儿10个月大的青少年母亲、FFM和婴儿（第2波）和婴儿24个月大的青少年母亲、FFM和婴儿（第3波）收集的数据。我们建议从参与原始项目的206个家庭（N = 618）的所有三个家庭成员中收集三个额外的测量点。这项纵向、多代研究将捕捉以下方面的文化、家庭和发展过程和结果：a)从青春期母亲处于青春期中期/晚期（即15-18岁）到成年初期（20-23岁）的5年期间，b)她们的幼儿从婴儿期（即10个月）到幼儿期（即5岁）。具体目的是检查(1)从青春期中后期到成年初期，两种规范性发展过程（即种族认同、自主性）的轨迹与墨西哥裔青少年母亲的社会心理功能（如抑郁症状）轨迹之间的联系，并确定缓和这些联系的家庭、同伴和文化特征；(2)家庭（即母亲-青少年冲突）、经济（即经济困难）和文化（即异文化压力和歧视）压力源如何与青春期母亲的社会心理功能轨迹相关联，并调查缓和这些关联的家庭、同伴和文化特征；(3)青少年母亲的心理社会功能轨迹如何预测其养育行为，进而预测其子女的健康和发展轨迹；我们还将测试家庭、同伴和文化特征对这些关联的调节作用。对墨西哥裔儿童的关注至关重要，因为拉丁美洲人（其中墨西哥裔占多数）一再被确定为健康和行为不良后果的高危人群，事实上，在2010年健康人确定的几乎所有主要健康指标中，拉丁美洲人显示出很大的不适应风险（疾病预防控制中心，2008年）。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This study will examine how developmental, family, cultural, and economic factors interact to inform the health and development of two groups of children who are disproportionately at risk for negative health outcomes: Mexican-origin adolescent mothers and their young children. Adolescent females of Mexican origin have the highest national birthrate, and it is over twice the overall national rate (National Vital Statistics Report, 2005). Because children of adolescent mothers are at increased risk for negative outcomes (Chandra, Schivello, Ravi, Weinstein, & Hook, 2002) and adolescent mothers' psychosocial functioning has been identified as a predictor of children's health and development (Carothers, Borkowski, Lefever, & Whitman, 2005), it is critical to examine the factors that inform adolescent mothers' psychosocial functioning, their parenting behaviors, and in turn, their children's health and development. We propose to build on our study of Mexican-origin adolescent mothers, their mothers or mother figures (referred to in our study as the female family member; FFM), and their infants, which involved data gathered from adolescents and FFMs during the adolescents' third trimester of pregnancy (Wave 1), and from adolescent mothers, FFMs, and infants when infants were 10 months of age (Wave 2) and again when infants were 24 months of age (Wave 3). We propose to collect three additional points of measurement from all three family members in the 206 families who participated in the original project (N = 618). This longitudinal, multi-generational study will capture cultural, family, and developmental processes and outcomes for a) adolescent mothers and FFMs over a five-year period beginning when adolescent mothers are in middle/late adolescence (i.e., 15-18 years of age) through emerging adulthood (20-23 years of age), and b) their young children from infancy (i.e., 10 months) through early childhood (i.e., 5 yrs of age). Specific aims are to examine (1) the linkages between trajectories of two normative developmental processes (i.e., ethnic identity, autonomy) and trajectories of Mexican-origin adolescent mothers' psychosocial functioning (e.g., depressive symptoms) from middle/late adolescence through emerging adulthood, and to identify family, peer, and cultural characteristics that moderate these associations; (2) how family (i.e., mother-adolescent conflict), economic (i.e., economic hardship), and cultural (i.e., acculturative stress and discrimination) stressors are linked to adolescent mothers' trajectories of psychosocial functioning, and to investigate the family, peer, and cultural characteristics that moderate these associations; and (3) how trajectories of adolescent mothers' psychosocial functioning predict their parenting behaviors and, in turn, trajectories of their children's health and development; we also will test family, peer, and cultural characteristics that moderate these associations. A focus on Mexican- origin children is critical because Latinos (of which Mexican-origin are a majority) are repeatedly identified as an at-risk population for negative health and behavioral outcomes and, in fact, show substantial risk for maladjustment in almost all leading health indicators identified by Healthy People 2010 (CDC, 2008).