Cascading effects of an experimental maternal stress on infants and the dyad

 描述(由申请人提供)：婴儿与其母亲之间的互动质量被广泛认为是影响婴儿发育的主要过程。相互调节模型(MRM)将婴儿和他们的母亲概念化为共同调节他们的社会互动，通过在时刻基础上对彼此的需求和意图的交流表现做出反应。MRM的一个主要原则是，对母亲或婴儿施加压力将扰乱他们的监管能力，导致互动的组织混乱。奇怪的是，虽然已经开发了实验操作来检查婴儿对应激源(例如，手臂约束、静止面孔)的调节能力，但很少有研究研究母亲在实验压力下的调节能力，以及这种干扰如何扰乱她的婴儿的调节能力。为了帮助填补这项研究中的空白，该项目的目标是对第一次怀孕的母亲及其婴儿的压力暴露进行实验性操作，并在典型的、足月和易受压力影响的早产婴儿及其母亲样本中，研究应激源对二元交互调节系统组织的级联影响。在每组中，双胞胎将被随机分配到两种实验条件中的一种，即实验母体应激条件或非应激条件。在一个休息的生理基线之后，所有的二元组都从一个基线的面对面游戏情节(PlayBL)开始，以评估压力前的调节沟通行为和生理。接下来，母亲参与母亲的压力状况，在这种情况下，她们听已知的父母应激源，婴儿痛苦的哭声， 或者在无压力的情况下，他们会听婴儿积极的发声。然后，两组都将体验面对面静止脸(FFSF)范式，它包括一集游戏(Play1)，接着是静止脸(SF)婴儿应激源，以及最后一集游戏(Play2)。 将使用多种措施的独特组合来评估个体和二元压力的影响，其中包括从母亲和婴儿那里收集的行为、唾液激素、心脏和皮肤电活动，以及从母亲那里记录的自我报告的压力。拟议的项目将引入一个处理母亲压力的可靠范例，并将评估压力对二元组织的直接和直接影响。从这项研究中获得的知识将有助于确定哪些母亲更容易受到压力的影响，从长远来看，这种压力可能会持续扰乱二元互动，从而损害婴儿健康情绪调节和发育的能力。

 DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The quality of interactions between infants and their mothers is widely held as a primary process affecting infant development. The Mutual Regulation Model (MRM) conceptualizes infants and their mothers as co- regulating their social interactions by responding to each other's communicative displays of their needs and intentions on a moment-to-moment basis. A major tenet of the MRM is that stressing either the mother or infant will disrupt their regulatory capacity leading to interactive disorganization. Oddly, while experimental manipulations have been developed to examine infant capacities for regulation of a stressor (e.g., arm restraint, the still-face), few studies have examined mothers' capacity for regulation when she is experimentally stressed and how such a disruption dysregulates her infant. To help fill this gap in the research, the goal of this project is to experimentally manipulate maternal exposure to stress for first-time mothers and their infants and to study the stressors' cascading effects on the organization of the dyadic-interactive regulatory system in both a typical, full-term and stress-vulnerable, preterm sample of infants and their mothers. Within each group, dyads will be randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions, an experimental maternal stress or non- stress condition. Following a resting physiological baseline, all dyads begin with a baseline face-to-face play episode (PlayBL) to evaluate pre-stress regulatory communicative behaviors and physiology. Next mothers participate in the maternal stress condition in which they listen to a known parental stressor, infant distress cries, or a non-stress condition in which they listen to << infant positive vocalizations>>. Both groups will then experience the Face-to-Face Still-Face (FFSF) paradigm which consists of a play episode (Play1), followed by the still-face (SF) infant stressor, and a final play episode (Play2). Individual and dyadic stress effects will be evaluated using a unique combination of multiple measures that includes behavior, salivary hormones, cardiac, and electrodermal activity collected from mothers and infants, and self-reported stress recorded from mothers. The proposed project will introduce a reliable paradigm for manipulating maternal stress and will evaluate the immediate and direct effects of stress on dyadic organization. Knowledge gained from this study will help in identifying mothers who are more vulnerable to stress which in the long run has the potential to continually disrupt dyadic interactions and subsequently compromise the infant's capacity for healthy emotion regulation and development.