Alcohol exposure exacerbates inflammation and anxiety-like behavior induced by repeated mild TBI during adolescence

摘要 TBI是美国40岁以下人群死亡和残疾的主要原因， （mTBI）是中度和重度损伤组合的三倍多。目前没有 有效的治疗，将保留或恢复脑组织和功能后TBI。因此，个人可能 面临终生的赤字大约五分之一的青少年自我报告有一次或多次轻度TBI （mTBI）青少年运动员比非运动同龄人的风险更高。此外，青少年 参加团队运动的人更有可能饮酒。TBI和酒精都是已知的 导致神经炎症，这可能对发育中的青少年大脑特别有害，包括 较高的焦虑发生率报告后，这些侮辱独立。虽然轻度TBI（mTBI）是 最常见的是，研究表明，随着时间的推移，重复mTBI（rmTBI）的影响可以达到 相当于中度甚至重度损伤的损伤。此外，研究表明， 发育期间TBI的炎症作用可导致对酒精的过度炎症反应。 在这项研究中，我们建议将青春期的雄性和雌性大鼠暴露于一系列的四种mTBI中， 酒精暴露的事件来测试假设，虽然rmTBI和酒精暴露在青春期 两者都独立地引起神经炎症，这些损伤的组合将加剧这种作用， 这将转化为类似焦虑行为的增加。最后，我们将用抗- 炎症药物利可非龙，以研究是否可以改善TBI后神经炎症，导致 这些结果的改善。

ABSTRACT TBI is the leading cause of death and disability in people under 40 in the United States, with mild TBI (mTBI) being three times more common than moderate and severe injury combined. Currently, there are no effective therapeutics that will preserve or restore brain tissue and function after TBI. As a result, individuals may face a lifetime of deficits. Approximately one in five adolescents self-report having had one or more mild TBI (mTBI) with adolescent athletes being at a higher risk than non-athletic peers. Additionally, adolescents participating in team sports are more likely to take part in alcohol consumption. Both TBI and alcohol are known to cause neuroinflammation, which can be especially damaging to the developing, adolescent brain, including a higher incidence of anxiety reported following either of these insults independently. While mild TBI (mTBI) is the most common, research has shown that the effects of repeated mTBI (rmTBI) over time can build to a level of damage comparable to moderate or even severe injury. Additionally, studies have suggested that the inflammatory effects of TBI during development can lead to an exaggerated inflammatory response to alcohol. In this study, we propose to expose adolescent male and female rats to a series of four mTBIs interspersed with episodes of alcohol exposure to test the hypothesis that while rmTBI and alcohol exposure during adolescence both independently cause neuroinflammation, the combination of these insults will exacerbate this effect, and that this will translate to increases in anxiety-like behavior. Finally, we will treat these animals with the anti- inflammatory drug licofelone to investigate whether post-TBI neuroinflammation can be ameliorated, leading to an improvement in these outcomes.