Improving Binocular Vision Through Perceptual Learning

项目摘要/摘要 双目视觉赋予我们在许多任务中的卓越感知能力，包括 涉及精细的深度检测(立体视觉)、图形/背景分割、空间感知和视觉引导 行为。拥有良好的双目视觉对运动员的运动(如篮球和排球)和 职业需要敏锐的深度感知的专业人员(例如，外科医生、牙医、机械师和 飞行员)。双眼视力不佳的一个常见原因是过度的感官眼优势，这种情况是 在一些临床视力正常的人和懒眼(弱视)的人中发现。感官眼 优势可能是由于眼球间抑制或整合的失衡，或两者兼而有之。 该翻译方案采用了一种新的推拉感知学习协议来减少感觉 眼球优势是由于眼球间的不平衡抑制和改善成人的立体视觉。这种方法 基于这样一种假设，即知觉学习对感觉眼优势的影响在以下情况下更有效 以假定的抑制性网络为靶点，恢复兴奋性和抑制性相互作用的平衡 两只眼睛。推-拉方案的工作原理是迫使弱眼感知它的刺激(推) 同时抑制强眼的刺激，使其不被感知(拉动)。对该协议进行了对比 使用仅推送方案，仅刺激弱眼(推送)而不刺激强眼。 推拉方案，而不是仅推送方案，会显著降低感官眼球优势 以及改善非弱视和弱视的立体视觉。 这项提议有三个具体目标。AIM 1实施推-拉协议，原因是人工眼 在更大范围的弱视受试者(异质性组)上的抑制不平衡。结果是 将提供有关弱视患者如何对知觉学习协议做出反应的更广泛的知识。目标2 在非弱视患者上实现了推拉协议，提高了推拉的实用性和有效性 通过利用和探索与注意力、对比收益相关的基本潜在机制来制定协议 控制、通道带宽等。AIM 3调查了双眼整合的不平衡，确定了其 使用对比度增益控制的多通道模型的潜在缺陷，并结合了 眼间抑制，以开发一种联合方案，以减少感官眼优势。反映自然 在这项翻译建议中，从目标2和目标3吸取的经验教训将适用于目标1，反之亦然。 这一建议的结果是，重点是恢复兴奋性和眼球间的平衡 抑制相互作用，将导致希望获得更精细深度的视力正常的人的双眼视觉得到改善 弱视患者的感知能力。长期目标是将所学到的知识应用于 治疗包括弱视在内的双眼视觉障碍的临床应用。后者影响2-3% 如果不加以治疗，可能会导致不良的个人和社会后果。

Project Summary/Abstract Binocular vision endows us with superior perceptual abilities in numerous tasks including those involving fine depth detection (stereopsis), figure/ground segmentation, space perception and visually guided actions. Having good binocular vision benefits athletes in their sports (e.g., basketball and volleyball) and professionals whose vocations demand acute depth perception (e.g., surgeons, dentists, machinists, and pilots). A common cause of poor binocular vision is excessive sensory eye dominance, a condition that is found in some people with clinically normal vision and in people with lazy eye (amblyopia). Sensory eye dominance could be due to an interocular imbalance of inhibition or integration, or both. This translational proposal employs a novel push-pull perceptual learning protocol to reduce sensory eye dominance due to interocular imbalance of inhibition and to improve stereopsis in adults. This approach rests on the hypothesis that the perceptual learning effect on sensory eye dominance is more effective when it targets the putative inhibitory network to restore the balance of excitatory and inhibitory interactions between the two eyes. The push-pull protocol works by forcing the weak eye to perceive its stimulus (push) as it simultaneously suppresses the strong eye's stimulus from being perceived (pull). This protocol is contrasted with a push-only protocol that solely stimulates the weak eye (push) while the strong eye is not stimulated. The push-pull protocol, and not the push-only protocol, results in significantly reduced sensory eye dominance and improved stereopsis in non-amblyopes and amblyopes. This proposal has three specific aims. Aim 1 implements the push-pull protocol due to interocular imbalance of inhibition on a larger spectrum of amblyopic subjects (a heterogeneous group). The outcomes will provide a broader knowledge of how amblyopes respond to the perceptual learning protocol. Aim 2 implements the push-pull protocol on non-amblyopes and improves on the utility and potency of the push-pull protocol by capitalizing on, and exploring, the basic underlying mechanisms related to attention, contrast gain control, channel bandwidths, etc. Aim 3 investigates interocular imbalance of integration, identifies its underlying deficits using the multi-channel model of contrast gain control and incorporates the knowledge of interocular inhibition to develop a combined protocol to reduce sensory eye dominance. Reflecting the nature of this translational proposal, lessons learned from Aims 2 and 3 will be applied to Aim 1 and vice versa. The outcomes of this proposal, which focuses on restoring the interocular balance of excitatory and inhibitory interactions, will lead to improved binocular vision in people with normal vision who desire finer depth perception ability and in people with amblyopia. The long-term goal is to apply the knowledge gained into clinical application for the treatment of binocular visual disorders, including amblyopia. The latter affects 2-3% of the population and if left untreated could lead to adverse personal and societal consequences.