Improving Binocular Vision Through Perceptual Learning

项目总结/摘要 双眼视觉赋予我们在许多任务中的上级感知能力，包括 涉及精细深度检测（立体视觉）、图形/地面分割、空间感知和视觉引导 行动具有良好的双眼视觉有利于运动员在他们的运动（例如，篮球和排球）， 其职业需要敏锐的深度感知的专业人员（例如，外科医生，牙医，机械师， 飞行员）。双眼视觉差的一个常见原因是过度的感觉眼优势，这种情况是 在一些临床视力正常的人和弱视患者中发现。感官眼 优势可能是由于抑制或整合或两者的眼间不平衡。 这种翻译建议采用了一种新的推拉感知学习协议，以减少感官 眼优势由于眼间抑制的不平衡，并改善成人的立体视觉。这种方法 依赖于这样的假设，即知觉学习对感觉眼优势的影响在以下情况下更有效： 靶向假定的抑制网络，以恢复兴奋性和抑制性相互作用之间的平衡， 两只眼睛。推拉协议的工作原理是迫使弱眼感知其刺激（推），因为它 同时抑制强眼的刺激被感知（拉）。该协议与 具有仅刺激弱眼（推）而不刺激强眼的仅推协议。 推拉协议，而不是只推协议，导致感官眼优势显著降低 以及改善非弱视和弱视的立体视觉。 这项建议有三个具体目标。Aim 1实现了推拉协议， 对更大范围的弱视受试者（异质群体）的抑制不平衡。成果 将提供一个更广泛的知识弱视如何响应知觉学习协议。目的2 在非弱视儿童中实施推拉式治疗方案，并提高推拉式治疗方案的效用和效力 协议的资本化，并探索，基本的潜在机制有关的注意，对比增益 控制，信道带宽等。目标3调查整合的眼间不平衡，识别其 使用对比度增益控制的多通道模型的潜在缺陷，并结合以下知识 眼间抑制以开发减少感觉眼优势的组合方案。反映自然 在这一转化建议中，从目标2和3中吸取的经验教训将适用于目标1，反之亦然。 这项建议的结果，其重点是恢复兴奋性和兴奋性的眼间平衡， 抑制相互作用，将导致具有正常视力的人的双眼视觉的改善，这些人希望更精细的深度 感知能力和弱视的人。长期目标是将获得的知识应用于 用于治疗包括弱视在内的双眼视觉障碍的临床应用。后者影响2-3% 如果不加以治疗，可能会导致不利的个人和社会后果。

Project Summary/Abstract Binocular vision endows us with superior perceptual abilities in numerous tasks including those involving fine depth detection (stereopsis), figure/ground segmentation, space perception and visually guided actions. Having good binocular vision benefits athletes in their sports (e.g., basketball and volleyball) and professionals whose vocations demand acute depth perception (e.g., surgeons, dentists, machinists, and pilots). A common cause of poor binocular vision is excessive sensory eye dominance, a condition that is found in some people with clinically normal vision and in people with lazy eye (amblyopia). Sensory eye dominance could be due to an interocular imbalance of inhibition or integration, or both. This translational proposal employs a novel push-pull perceptual learning protocol to reduce sensory eye dominance due to interocular imbalance of inhibition and to improve stereopsis in adults. This approach rests on the hypothesis that the perceptual learning effect on sensory eye dominance is more effective when it targets the putative inhibitory network to restore the balance of excitatory and inhibitory interactions between the two eyes. The push-pull protocol works by forcing the weak eye to perceive its stimulus (push) as it simultaneously suppresses the strong eye's stimulus from being perceived (pull). This protocol is contrasted with a push-only protocol that solely stimulates the weak eye (push) while the strong eye is not stimulated. The push-pull protocol, and not the push-only protocol, results in significantly reduced sensory eye dominance and improved stereopsis in non-amblyopes and amblyopes. This proposal has three specific aims. Aim 1 implements the push-pull protocol due to interocular imbalance of inhibition on a larger spectrum of amblyopic subjects (a heterogeneous group). The outcomes will provide a broader knowledge of how amblyopes respond to the perceptual learning protocol. Aim 2 implements the push-pull protocol on non-amblyopes and improves on the utility and potency of the push-pull protocol by capitalizing on, and exploring, the basic underlying mechanisms related to attention, contrast gain control, channel bandwidths, etc. Aim 3 investigates interocular imbalance of integration, identifies its underlying deficits using the multi-channel model of contrast gain control and incorporates the knowledge of interocular inhibition to develop a combined protocol to reduce sensory eye dominance. Reflecting the nature of this translational proposal, lessons learned from Aims 2 and 3 will be applied to Aim 1 and vice versa. The outcomes of this proposal, which focuses on restoring the interocular balance of excitatory and inhibitory interactions, will lead to improved binocular vision in people with normal vision who desire finer depth perception ability and in people with amblyopia. The long-term goal is to apply the knowledge gained into clinical application for the treatment of binocular visual disorders, including amblyopia. The latter affects 2-3% of the population and if left untreated could lead to adverse personal and societal consequences.