Oviposition attractants for sand fly control

 描述(申请人提供)：白纹伊蚊传播原生动物寄生虫(利什曼原虫)、细菌(巴氏杆菌)和病毒病原体。传统的将杀虫剂输送到媒介的另一种方法是使用引诱剂将媒介带到杀虫剂那里。在控制媒介传播疾病的背景下，产卵诱捕剂被认为是非常有效的，因为它们针对的是负责传播病原体和放大媒介种群的怀孕雌性。分解有机物是沙蝇幼虫的主要食物来源。我们正在进行的和拟议的研究的核心是这样一个命题，即自然选择已经将怀孕雌性的嗅觉系统调整到从最佳产卵底物发出的气味，这些气味表明幼虫发育的合适条件和营养。因此，我们假设，怀孕的沙蝇以一种剂量依赖的方式不同地被粪便和微生物衍生的化学线索的混合物吸引，这些化学线索与粪便物质的分解有关，以及来自卵和幼虫的信号，这些信号表明合适的产卵地点。我们的总体目标是开发和优化一种有吸引力的信号化学混合物，以Papatasi(旧世界皮肤利什曼病的媒介)为模型系统，作为寻找产卵地点的沙蝇雌性的诱饵。我们将应用包括行为、电生理和微生物学研究在内的综合跨学科方法来解决以下具体目标：(1)确定最具吸引力和产卵刺激的同种阶段、饲养媒介和腐生微生物；(2)从最具吸引力的同种阶段、饲养媒介和微生物菌株中分离和鉴定产卵引诱剂和刺激剂；以及(3)开发产卵引诱剂和刺激剂的最佳组合，并在微观和中观尺度对其进行评估。这项研究介绍了几种新的和创新的方法，包括：(1)应用包括行为、电生理、分析和微生物学调查在内的综合方法；(2)研究产卵的一个被忽视的方面-腐生真菌作为合适产卵地点的指示器的作用；(3)利用风洞在米的尺度上评估TH优化混合物的有效性。这项研究的成功将为下一个项目--这些混合物的现场测试--奠定基础，并最终将有助于减轻沙蝇传播病原体造成的发病率和死亡率。

 DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Phlebotomine sand flies transmit protozoan parasites (Leishmania spp.), bacterial (Bartonella bacilliformis), and viral pathogens. An alternative approach to the traditional delivery of an insecticide to the vector is to bring the vector to the insecticide using an attractant. In the context of controlling vector-borne disease, oviposition-sie attractants are expected to be highly effective because they target gravid females that are responsible for transmission of the pathogen and amplifying vector populations. Decomposing organic matter is the main food source for sand fly larvae. Central to our ongoing and proposed research is the proposition that natural selection has tuned the olfactory system of gravid females to odorants emanating from optimal oviposition substrates that indicate suitable conditions and nutrients for larval development. We therefore hypothesize that gravid sand flies are differentially attracted in a dose-dependent manner to a blend of fecal- and microbially-derived chemical cues associated with the decomposition of fecal material, as well as to signals from eggs and larvae which indicate suitable oviposition sites. Our overall goal is to develop and optimize an attractive blend of semiochemicals that would function as a lure for oviposition-site seeking sand fly females using Ph. papatasi (vector of old-world cutaneous leishmaniasis) as a model system. We will apply an integrated interdisciplinary approach including behavioral, electrophysiological, and microbiological studies to address the following specific aims: (1) Identify the most attractive and oviposition stimulating conspecific stages, rearing medium, and saprophytic microbes; (2) Isolate and identify oviposition attractants and stimulants from the most attractive conspecific stage, rearing medium, and microbial isolates; and (3) Develop an optimal blend of oviposition attractants and stimulants and evaluate it at the micro- and meso-scales. This proposed study introduces several novel and innovative approaches including: (1) Application of an integrated approach including behavioral, electrophysiological, analytical and microbiological investigations; (2) Study a neglected aspect of oviposition - the role of saprophytic fungi as indicators of suitable oviposition sites; (3) Evaluate the effectiveness of th optimized blends at the scale of meters using a wind-tunnel. Success of this study will set the stage for the next project - a field test of these blends - and would eventually contribute to relieving morbidity and mortality due to sand fly transmitted pathogens.