Interactions of self-referential processing and cognitive control in adolescence

说明(申请人提供)：青春期是神经和社会发展发生重大变化的发育期，与内在性障碍和酒精滥用障碍(AUD)的发病相吻合，这些障碍以性二态的方式表现出来。了解青春期发生的社会和神经生物学变化，探索哪些因素与精神病理学的发病有关，对于阐明内在化障碍和AUD的生物学机制至关重要。认知控制功能通常在精神病理状态下受到损害，这是青春期需要研究的一个重要过程，因为额顶网络是认知控制的主要基础，具有长期的发展速度，男孩和女孩的发展轨迹截然不同。因此，青少年经常在认知要求高的任务上表现出不一致的表现，特别是在情绪高涨的情况下，例如涉及同龄人群体的情况下。同伴在青春期自我发展中起着重要作用，自我是通过自我参照加工(SRP)决定的。SRP中的性别差异尚未被明确衡量；然而，数据表明，女孩表现出更多的亲社会行为，这可能导致更高的社会取向，而这反过来又影响SRP。SRP参与默认模式网络(DMN)，是告知动机行为的一个健康和必要的过程；然而，过量的SRP反映了内化障碍和导致酒精滥用的内化途径中的反省过程。事实上，与健康对照组相比，抑郁症患者的DMN被证明是长期活跃的，功能上的联系更强。此外，在抑郁症患者中观察到的认知控制缺陷可能是由于过度活跃的SRP或反省过程所致。为了考察SRP如何与认知控制相互作用，我们将在混合SRP和认知控制(侧翼任务)的混合区块/事件相关任务试验和休息状态下，分别评估支持这些过程的网络之间的状态和特质功能连接。由任务激活的网络、DMN(内侧前额叶皮质和后扣带回皮质)和额顶网络[背外侧前额叶皮质和顶上叶]的状态依赖的功能连接 大脑皮层)，将进行检查。使用静息状态功能连通性和图论技术，将对这些网络内和这些网络之间的特性依赖的功能连通性进行静态检验。在任务和休息时状态和特质功能连接的不同，将分别与社会行为和沉思的测量以及在侧翼任务中的表现相关。由于亲社会行为中的性别差异以及青春期内化障碍和AUDS的发病，也将检查任务和休息条件下功能连接性的性别差异。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Adolescence is a developmental period during which substantial changes in neural and social development occur and coincides with the onset of internalizing disorders and alcohol abuse disorders (AUD) that manifest in a sexually dimorphic manner. Understanding the social and neurobiological changes that occur during adolescence and exploring which factors relate to the onset of psychopathology will be crucial for elucidating the biological mechanisms of internalizing disorders and AUDs. Cognitive control function is often compromised in states of psychopathology, and is an important process to study during adolescence because the fronto-parietal network, a primary substrate of cognitive control, has a protracted rate of development with distinct developmental trajectories for boys and girls. As such, adolescents often show inconsistent performance on cognitively demanding tasks, especially during emotionally heightened contexts such as those involving peers groups. Peers play an important role in the development of self, which is determined through self-referential processing (SRP), during adolescence. Sex differences in SRP have not been explicitly measured; however, data suggest that girls exhibit more prosocial behavior, which may lead to a heightened social orientation that, in turn, impacts SRP. SRP engages the default mode network (DMN) and is a healthy and necessary process that informs motivated behavior; however, excessive SRP mirrors ruminative processes found in internalizing disorders and internalizing pathways leading to alcohol abuse. In fact, the DMN has been shown to be chronically active and more robustly functionally connected in depressed patients, compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, cognitive control deficits observed in depressed patients may be due to overactive SRP or ruminative processes. To examine how SRP interacts with cognitive control, state and trait functional connectivity between the networks supporting these processes will be assessed during a mixed block/event-related task intermixing SRP and cognitive control (Flanker task) trials and during resting state, respectively. The state-dependent functional connectivity of networks activated by the task, the DMN (medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex) and fronto-parietal network [dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and superior parietal cortex), will be examined. Trait-dependent functional connectivity within and between these networks will be examined at rest, using resting state functional connectivity and graph theoretical techniques. Differences in state and trait functional connectivity during task and at rest, respectively, will be correlated with measures of social behavior and rumination, and performance on the Flanker task. Due to the prominence of sex differences in prosocial behavior and onset of internalizing disorders and AUDs during adolescence, sex differences in functional connectivity during task and rest conditions will be examined as well.