Electron microscopy of therapeutic and diagnostic nanoparticles

我们分析了用于标记细胞的生物纳米粒子，然后在动物模型中通过体内磁共振成像对这些细胞进行成像。这些纳米复合物由三种fda批准的药物（肝素、鱼精蛋白和阿魏木糖醇）组成，可以进入人类细胞系，并在植入啮齿类动物体内时进行检测。阿魏木醇成分的主要成分是超顺磁性氧化铁纳米颗粒（SPIONP），它为诊断成像提供MRI对比。我们使用电子断层扫描和能量过滤透射电子显微镜（EFTEM）来确定三个成分在单个纳米复合物中使用元素特异性信号的分布。鱼精蛋白成分用氮信号成像，肝素成分用硫信号成像，阿魏木醇的周围外壳用铁信号成像。电子断层扫描也被用来可视化三维组织的阿魏木糖醇纳米颗粒在大约200纳米直径的纳米配合物。我们的分析表明，纳米复合物含有均匀的软核，由鱼精蛋白和肝素的质量比约为1:1组成，符合鱼精蛋白上的正电荷和肝素上的负电荷的平衡。

We have analyzed bionanoparticles that are designed for labeling cells and then imaging those cells in animal models by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging. These nanocomplexes, comprising three FDA-approved drugs (heparin, protamine and ferumoxytol), can be taken up into human cell lines, and detected when implanted into rodents. The major component of the ferumoxytol component is superparamagetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPIONP), which provides MRI contrast for diagnostic imaging. We have performed electron tomography and energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) to determine the distribution of the three constituents within the individual nanocomplexes using element-specific signals. The protamine component was imaged with the nitrogen signal, the heparin component with the sulfur signal, and the surrounding shell of ferumoxytol with the iron signal. Electron tomography was also employed to visualize the three-dimensional organization of the ferumoxytol nanoparticles within the approximately 200-nm diameter nanocomplexes. Our analysis showed that the nanocomplexes contained a homogeneous soft core consisting of approximately a 1:1 mass ratio of protamine and heparin, consistent with a balancing of the positive charge on protamine with the negative charge on heparin. Scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive x-ray (EDXS) spectroscopy has enabled us to characterize the morphology and composition of another nanocomplex: DNA-inorganic hybrid nanovaccines (hNVs) developed for efficient uptake into antigen-presenting cells, enabling prolonged tumor retention, and potent immuno-stimulation and cancer immunotherapy. hNVs were self-assembled from concatemer CpG analogs and magnesium pyrophosphate, which renders hNVs resistant to nuclease degradation and thermal denaturation, both of which are demanding characteristics for effective vaccination and the storage and transportation of vaccines. EDXS analysis confirmed that the hybrid nanovaccines contained pyrophosphate.