The Effect of Sterotype Threat in Police Encounters on Behaviorial and Affective Outcomes

项目摘要/摘要 黑人和西班牙裔个人经历了不成比例的警察接触1，而且一直是 假设了刻板印象的威胁--害怕确认对自己群体的负面刻板印象-- 对警察与少数群体的互动产生负面影响2-4。有充分的证据表明，经历刻板印象的威胁 有负面的行为、情感、认知和健康后果5--可能解释了 种族/族裔少数群体的身心健康结果6。因此，这项研究的广泛目标是 审查刻板印象威胁在种族/少数民族群体与警察的互动中可能发挥的作用 警官们。先前的研究表明，刻板印象威胁是一种急性应激源，会导致调节失调。 下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(HPA)轴的比例为7，8，导致焦虑或侵袭。社会信息 加工理论通过指出有压力的社交环境(例如，刻板印象威胁)导致 由于社会认知功能障碍而产生的攻击性或负性情感(如焦虑或抑郁)。一 先前的研究考察了法律背景下的刻板印象威胁3；然而，没有研究将刻板印象与 法律环境中的威胁，对负面影响和攻击性行为具有下游影响。更进一步说，不 研究已经检验了驱动这些效应的理论化的生物学和社会认知机制。这 研究提案通过(A)检查刻板印象威胁之间的关系来解决这些差距 在法律环境和攻击行为/负面情感状态中的诱导是由皮质醇和 睾丸激素水平，(B)检查先前记录的刻板印象威胁之间的关系 诱导和攻击行为/负面情感状态是由社会认知功能障碍介导的， 以及(C)检查种族/民族是否作为刻板印象威胁效应的调节变量。这项建议 利用一个反映研究领域标准的精神病理学的生物心理社会模型 (RDoC)集成多层次分析的框架(即，神经生物学、行为、社会- 认知)。具体地说，它反映了国家精神卫生研究所(NIMH)的使命，即转变 通过识别特定精神功能领域的神经机制来理解精神疾病。 反映这些使命和框架，本研究旨在阐明认知(即社会性)是如何 认知)和生物(即皮质醇和睾酮水平)过程调节压力(即， 刻板印象威胁)确定精神障碍风险的过程，跨越多个层次的分析 (例如，自我报告和行为数据)，以揭示基本机制(例如，生物、认知) 不同人群中复杂的社会行为。最后，这个奖项将有助于培养一名年轻的 研究人员试图了解与刻板印象威胁的负面结果相关的机制 通过为独立研究事业提供必要的脚手架，为少数族裔年轻人提供 有机会获得先进的研究技能和跨学科知识的广度和深度。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Black and Hispanic individuals experience disproportionate levels of police contact1 and it has been hypothesized that stereotype threat—the fear of confirming negative stereotypes about one’s group— negatively influences police-minority interactions2-4. It is well documented that experiencing stereotype threat has negative behavioral, affective, cognitive, and health consequences5—possibly accounting for disparities in physical/mental health outcomes among racial/ethnic minorities6. Thus, the broad aim of this study is to examine the role stereotype threat may play in racial/ethnic minority group interactions with police officers. Prior research suggests that stereotype threat acts as an acute stressors and leads to dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis7,8, leading to anxiety9 or aggression10. Social information processing theory adds to this picture by indicating stressful social situations (e.g., stereotype threat) result in aggression or negative affectivity (i.e., anxiety or depression) due to dysfunction in social cognition. One previous study has examined stereotype threat in a legal context3; however, no studies have linked stereotype threat in a legal setting with downstream effects on negative affect and aggressive behavior. Further, no studies have examined the theorized biological and social cognitive mechanisms driving these effects. This research proposal addresses these gaps by (a) examining whether the relation between stereotype threat induction in a legal context and aggressive behavior/negative affective states is mediated by cortisol and testosterone levels, (b) examining whether the previously documented relation between stereotype threat induction and aggressive behavior/negative affective states is mediated by dysfunction in social cognition, and (c) examining whether race/ethnicity act as a moderator of stereotype threat effect. This proposal utilizes a biopsychosocial model of psychopathology that reflects the Research Domain Criteria’s (RDoC) framework of integrating multiple levels of analysis (i.e., neurobiological, behavioral, social- cognitive). Specifically, it reflects the mission of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) to transform the understanding of mental illness by identifying neural mechanisms in specific domains of mental function. Reflecting these missions and frameworks, this study aims to elucidate how cognitive (i.e., social cognition) and biological (i.e., cortisol and testosterone levels) processes mediate stress (i.e., stereotype threat) processes to confer risk for mental disorders, spanning multiple levels of analysis (e.g., self-report and behavioral data) to uncover fundamental mechanisms (e.g., biological, cognitive) of complex social behavior in diverse populations. Finally, this award will aid in the training of a young researcher seeking to understand the mechanisms associated with negative outcomes of stereotype threat in minority young adults by providing necessary scaffolding toward an independent research career, providing opportunities for advanced research skills and enhanced breadth and depth of knowledge across disciplines.