Fathers' Time Spent with Sons and Daughters

项目摘要 父母在孩子的成长过程中起着重要作用，美国越来越多的研究指出 父亲的关键作用。父亲的参与--包括与孩子在一起的时间--对 孩子们的结局。然而，父亲的参与并不总是平均地分配给儿子和女儿。 美国的一项研究发现，父亲花更多的时间陪儿子，如果他们有一个孩子，就会花更多的时间陪所有的孩子 儿子。在重男轻女的环境中，父亲的时间投入中的性别歧视可能会更大 在整个亚洲，并对女孩和男孩的相对福祉有更大的影响。然而，这方面的工作却很少。 父亲的时间投资在重男轻女的环境中，比如印度。这个项目的第一个目标是 使用南印度的大规模数据进行分析，以记录父亲在孩子身上的时间投入 总体而言，在儿子与女儿之间，以及家庭中兄弟姐妹的性别构成方面(目标1)。 第二个目标是了解是什么推动了父亲对女儿的时间偏见。我们关注的是父亲的 性别意识形态，广义上定义为对男性和女性在社会中的角色的信仰。拥有平等主义的男人 人们的态度认为她们的角色与女性更加平等，因此，人们预计会花更多的时间照顾孩子 而不是那些拥护传统态度的人。性别理论对两者之间的联系完全沉默 然而，父亲的性别意识形态和对女儿的偏见。我们建议平等主义的父亲们会对待 儿子和女儿更加平等，因此缩小了父亲在时间投资方面的性别差距。此外， 我们的方法认识到，这些关系可能会被母亲的性别意识形态塑造。许多母亲 在印度和其他地方，由于他们对抚养孩子负有核心责任，他们扮演着看门人的角色，监管 父亲与孩子的关系。因此，母亲的态度可能会影响父亲限制与父母在一起的时间。 儿童，或鼓励他们更多地参与，特别是与女儿的参与。衡量性别 意识形态，我们创建了一个新的，多维的类型学使用潜在的阶级分析(目标2)。使用这种类型学， 我们梳理出哪些父亲花更多的时间陪伴孩子，并对女儿表现出较少的偏见(目标3)。 我们还认识到，任何关于父亲与子女有关的调查都是不完整的，如果不注意 更大的家庭背景，特别是印度的大家庭，包括儿童的祖父母。这些 个人可以充当父亲的替代照顾者，并影响父亲对儿子和 女儿们。因此，考虑到他们的照顾时间和距离是至关重要的。分析中使用了RICH 年，南印度社区健康研究(SICHS)提供了有关时间使用、性别意识形态和护理方面的数据 泰米尔纳德邦，父亲的新角色与重男轻女的父权偏好并存。拟议的研究 解决了全球卫生公平面临的一个看似棘手的挑战--儿童投资中的性别偏见。 关于父亲如何以及为什么不平等对待男孩和女孩的研究结果将对 针对全世界儿童投入和成果中持续存在的性别差距的政策和干预措施。

Project Summary Parents are instrumental in the development of their children, and growing research in the U.S. points to the pivotal role of fathers. Father involvement—including time spent with children—has positive impacts on child outcomes. Nevertheless, father involvement is not always equally distributed across sons and daughters. Research in the U.S. finds that fathers spend more time with sons and more time with all children if they have a son. Gender discrimination in fathers' time investments could be even larger in high son-preference settings across Asia, and have a greater impact on the relative well-being of girls and boys. Yet there is scant work on fathers' time investments in high son-preference settings, such as India. The first goal of this project is to conduct analyses using large-scale data from South India to document fathers' time investments in children overall, in sons versus daughters, and by gender composition of siblings in the family (Aim 1). The second goal is to understand what propels fathers' time bias against daughters. We focus on fathers' gender ideology, broadly defined as beliefs toward men's and women's roles in society. Men with egalitarian attitudes view their roles more equally to women's and, therefore, are expected to spend more time in childcare than those who espouse traditional attitudes. Gender theories are completely silent regarding the link between fathers' gender ideology and bias against daughters, however. We suggest that egalitarian fathers will treat sons and daughters more equally and therefore narrow the gender gap in fathers' time investments. Further, our approach recognizes that these relationships could be shaped by mothers' gender ideology. Many mothers in India and elsewhere, given their central responsibility for childrearing, act as gatekeepers who regulate fathers' involvement with children. Thus, mothers' attitudes could influence fathers to curb their time with children, or encourage them to increase their involvement, particularly with daughters. To measure gender ideology, we create a new, multi-dimensional typology using latent class analysis (Aim 2). Using this typology, we tease out which fathers invest more time with their children and display less bias against daughters (Aim 3). We also recognize that any investigation of father involvement with children is incomplete without attention to the larger family context, specifically the extended family in India, including children's grandparents. These individuals could serve as alternative caregivers to fathers and influence fathers' behavior toward sons and daughters. Therefore, accounting for their caregiving time and proximity are crucial. The analysis uses rich data on time use, gender ideologies, and caregiving from the South India Community Health Study (SICHS) in Tamil Nadu, where new roles for fathers coexist with patriarchal preferences for sons. The proposed research addresses a seemingly intractable challenge to health equity globally—gender bias in child investments. Findings regarding how and why fathers treat boys and girls unequally will have important implications for policies and interventions targeting persistent gender disparities in child inputs and outcomes worldwide.