A History of Vaccination for Smallpox in Southeast Asia, 1804-1945

摘要： 该项目的目标是制作当地对疫苗接种反应的地区历史。 对于东南亚的天花来说，从1804年首次引入到1966年， 世界卫生组织根除天花的计划。东南亚有 是一个十字路口，来自东非、欧洲、 中东、印度、东亚和澳大拉西亚从史前就开始接触 泰晤士报。这不仅适用于古代人类的祸害，如天花、霍乱和 疟疾，但也是最近的国际公共卫生问题，如SARS和 寨卡病毒。在世界卫生组织宣布之前至少有一千年 天花被根除后，这种可怕的疾病对身体健康造成了不利影响 世界各地的个人和整个社区的经济健康。因此，在每个 在引入预防天花疫苗的地方，它引起了人们的兴趣。 然而，它有时也会产生争议，在每个地方都有兴趣和 这场争议是由当地因素和当地参与者塑造的。世界范围内，当 做出了强制接种疫苗的政治决定，这产生了抗药性，并在 殖民地社会反对疫苗接种和其他卫生法规的抗议活动经常 被反殖民运动收买。在后殖民全球化的世界里， 接种天花疫苗提供了一个了解社会因素的窗口，这些社会因素塑造了 霉菌，对根除特定流行病的国际努力的反应。这个 东南亚环境、种族、语言和宗教的多样性确保了 关于东南亚国家疫苗接种历史的专著将提供 对这一全球故事的特别有趣的见解。通过仔细分析 殖民地政府和土著政府的记录，殖民地和土著政府的私人文件 土著医生和护士，以及当地报纸和杂志，这项研究将 提供与历史和当前争议有关的信息 对传染病的预防性治疗，如接种疫苗和接种疫苗。

Abstract: The goal of this project is to produce a regional history of local responses to vaccination for smallpox in Southeast Asia from its first introduction in 1804 to the initiation, in 1966, of the World Health Organization's program to eradicate smallpox. Southeast Asia has been a crossroads where peoples, and their microbes, from East Africa, Europe, the Middle East, India, East Asia and Australasia have come into contact since pre-historic times. This is true not only of ancient human scourges such as smallpox, cholera, and malaria but also of more recent international public health problems such as SARS and Zika virus. For at least a thousand years before the World Health Organization declared smallpox eradicated, this dread disease adversely affected the physical health of individuals and the economic health of entire communities worldwide. Thus, in each place where vaccination to prevent smallpox was introduced it provoked interest. However, it sometimes also produced controversy, and in each place the interest and the controversy were shaped by local factors and local actors. Worldwide, when political decisions were made to enforce vaccination, this produced resistance and in colonial societies protests against vaccination and other health regulations were often co-opted by anti-colonial movements. In a post-colonial globalized world, the history of vaccination for smallpox offers a window on the social factors which molded, and still mold, responses to international efforts to eradicate specific epidemic diseases. The environmental, ethnic, linguistic and religious diversity of Southeast Asia ensures that a monograph on the history of vaccination in the countries of Southeast Asia will offer particularly interesting insights into this global story. Through careful analysis of the records of colonial and indigenous governments, private papers from colonial and indigenous physicians and nurses, and local newspapers and magazines, this study will offer information pertinent to both historic and current controversies regarding prophylactic treatments, such as vaccinations and inoculations, for epidemic diseases.