Establishing a Laboratory Model of Herpes simplex virus (HSV) Latency Using Compartmented Neuron Cultures

α疱疹病毒感染（例如单纯疱疹病毒1和2; HSV-1和HSV-2）是世界上最常见的病毒感染之一，影响超过70%的人口。典型的α疱疹病毒感染导致外周神经系统（PNS）神经节的终生潜伏期。潜伏的病毒基因组可以重新激活，开始传播感染，往往导致疱疹水泡，生殖器病变或角膜炎。原发性感染开始于粘膜表面上皮细胞的生产性感染。复制后，子代病毒颗粒主要侵入背根和三叉神经节（DRG和TG）以及其他自主交感神经节（例如SCG）以建立潜伏期。潜伏期的建立、再激活和随后的感染扩散受到许多细胞内在的、组织特异性的和系统性的因素的影响，这些因素对解剖具有挑战性。现有的抗疱疹药物靶向病毒DNA复制，但对潜伏或重新激活的病毒基因组没有影响。需要一致的和可重复的实验室模型来剖析潜伏期和再激活的分子机制，以便能够设计新的疗法。目前使用的HSV-1潜伏期的神经元培养模型采用解离的啮齿动物原代神经元，使用阿昔洛韦抑制DNA复制并迫使感染进入潜伏期。这是不理想的，不仅因为病毒体直接感染神经元细胞体而不是轴突，还因为掺入鸟嘌呤类似物的病毒DNA可能无法进行进一步复制。最近，我们已经开发了一种可重复的和可再激活的体外潜伏期系统，通过用低浓度的兽医病原体伪狂犬病病毒感染分离的间隔神经元轴突，而不使用药物。由于感染的结果在这些条件下总是沉默的，我们研究了能够逃避基因组沉默的机制。我们发现了两个不同的途径，防止PRV基因组沉默。我们将开发这个系统来探索人类病原体HSV-1的潜伏建立和再激活的分子机制。识别能够逃避沉默的神经元应激途径将有助于设计新的治疗策略，以控制复发性疱疹病毒再激活患者的病毒再激活和相关病理。

Alpha herpesvirus infections (e.g. herpes simplex virus 1 and 2; HSV-1 and HSV-2) are among the most common virus infections in the world affecting more than 70% of human population. A typical alpha herpesvirus infection results in life-long latency in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) ganglia. Latent viral genomes can reactivate to start a disseminated infection often leading to herpes blisters, genital lesions or keratitis. The primary infection starts with a productive infection in the epithelial cells of mucosal surfaces. After replication, progeny virus particles mainly invade the dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia (DRG and TG), and other autonomic sympathetic ganglia (e.g. SCG) to establish latency. Establishment of latency, reactivation, and subsequent spread of infection is affected by many cell intrinsic, tissue-specific and systemic factors that are challenging to dissect. The available anti-herpetic drugs target viral DNA replication but have no effect on latent or reactivating viral genomes. Consistent and reproducible laboratory models are required to dissect the molecular mechanisms of latency and reactivation to be able to design novel therapies. Currently used neuron culture models of HSV-1 latency employs dissociated rodent primary neurons with the use of acyclovir to inhibit DNA replication and force the infection into latency. This is not ideal, not only because the virions are directly infecting neuronal cell bodies instead of axons, but also because the viral DNA that incorporated the guanine analogue might not be competent for further replication. Recently, we have developed a reproducible and reactivatable in vitro latency system by infecting isolated axons of compartmented neurons with a low concentration of the veterinary pathogen, pseudorabies virus without the use of drugs. Since the outcome of infection is always silenced under these conditions, we studied mechanisms that enable escape from genome silencing. We discovered two distinct pathways that prevented PRV genome silencing. We will develop this system to explore the molecular mechanisms of latency establishment and reactivation of the human pathogen, HSV-1. Identification of neuronal stress pathways enabling escape from silencing will contribute to designing novel therapeutic strategies to control virus reactivation and related pathologies in patients with recurrent herpesvirus reactivation.