Impact of Maternal Diet and Supplements on Breast Milk Composition

建议母乳喂养，以防止过敏性疾病的发展，但机制是 不清楚人乳是人乳低聚糖（HMO）和脂肪酸（FA）的来源， 受母亲饮食的影响。HMO是人乳中普遍存在的复杂聚糖;人类不可消化，但 婴儿肠道菌群的主要基质之一。我们最近发现母乳 HMO成分的定性和定量存在显著差异，这取决于遗传和母体 益生菌补充剂。人乳是脂肪酸的丰富来源，如多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFAs）和短链脂肪酸。 脂肪酸（SCFA）;这些受母体饮食的强烈影响，并可直接诱导粘膜免疫。 母亲饮食和补充剂对母乳中免疫调节成分的影响很小 特点和母亲之间的变化。 我们的初步研究表明，某些HMO与防止牛奶过敏有关 但其机制尚不清楚。我们在旧秩序门诺派（OOM）的初步研究，谁有 一种可以追溯到150年前的生活方式和大量接触未经巴氏消毒的牛奶，表明 哮喘和过敏性疾病，与罗切斯特人口相比。OOM母亲也有丰富的资源， 饮食为基础的益生菌，如未经巴氏杀菌的乳制品（开菲尔，酸奶，奶酪，黄油）;这些可以显着 影响母乳中FA和HMO成分，而OTC补充剂的使用可能并不常见。我们 中心假设是，与OOM饮食相关的因素通过影响人体而降低过敏风险。 牛奶成分我们的初步数据表明，婴儿肠道微生物组富含双歧杆菌， OOM。双歧杆菌反过来又在很大程度上受到母乳成分的影响。 本补充申请的总体目标是扩大我们正在进行的纵向婴儿队列 一项名为“粘液和全身免疫与食物过敏”的研究（U 01 AI 131344），通过收集和分析 样本，以确定母亲饮食的作用，包括饮食和非处方益生菌对母乳成分， 并评估其对婴儿免疫力的影响。母公司的研究正在描述婴儿肠道微生物组， OOM和罗切斯特婴儿出生后第一年的免疫标记物和特应性疾病。我们有一个独特 有机会调查母亲饮食对母乳成分的影响。这些附加数据沿着 建模作为母基金的一部分，将提供对OOM生活方式之间相互作用的全面理解。 以及婴儿肠道微生物组组成、免疫标志物和婴儿过敏性疾病的结果。 1

Breast-feeding is recommended to prevent the development of allergic diseases, but mechanisms are unclear. Human milk is a source of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and fatty acids (FAs), which are likely impacted by maternal diet. HMOs are complex glycans prevalent in human milk; non-digestible by humans, but one of the main substrates for the infant gut microbiota. We have recently shown that mothers' milk has significant variations in qualitative and quantitative HMO composition, depending on genetics and maternal probiotic supplementation. Human milk is a rich source of FAs such as polyunsaturated (PUFAs) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs); these are strongly influenced by maternal diet and could directly induce mucosal immunity. The impact of maternal diet and supplements on immunomodulatory composition of human milk is poorly characterized and varies between mothers. Our initial studies have shown that certain HMOs are associated with protection against cow's milk allergy in the infant, but the mechanisms are not known. Our initial study in the Old Order Mennonites (OOM), who have a lifestyle dating back to 150 years ago and rich exposure to unpasteurized milk, indicated a low prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases, compared to the Rochester population. OOM mothers also have rich sources of diet-based probiotics such as unpasteurized dairy products (kefir, yogurt, cheese, butter); these can significantly affect their breast milk FA and HMO composition, whereas OTC supplement use may not be common. Our central hypothesis is that factors related to OOM diet decrease the risk of allergies through impact on human milk composition. Our preliminary data suggests that the infant gut microbiome is enriched in Bifidobacteria in the OOM. Bifidobacteria in turn are largely impacted by human milk composition. The overall objective of this supplemental application is to expand our ongoing longitudinal infant cohort study, entitled “Mucosal and systemic immunity and food allergy” (U01 AI131344), by gathering and analyzing samples to define the role of maternal diet, including dietary and OTC probiotics on human milk composition, and to assess their impact on infant immunity. The parent study is characterizing the infant gut microbiome, immune markers and atopic diseases in the first year of life in OOM and Rochester infants. We have a unique opportunity to investigate maternal dietary impact on human milk composition. This additional data along with modeling as part of the parent grant will provide holistic understanding of interactions between OOM lifestyle and infant gut microbiome composition, immune markers and allergic disease outcomes in infants. 1