Examination of developmental trajectories of cognitive, motor and emotional control in relation to sex differences in psychopathology

项目总结 注意缺陷/多动障碍(ADHD)等神经发育障碍在早期出现 这一现象在儿童时期就出现，在男性中更为常见。相比之下，焦虑和情绪障碍通常出现在 青春期，女性更常见。然而，我们对基础机制的理解 性别差异在各种形式的精神病理中的发生是有限的。研究领域 Criteria(RDoC)项目提供了一个维度和跨诊断框架，作为我们 精神障碍的传统范畴概念化，以便更好地描述 典型的非典型功能，并更好地了解性别差异和共病。重要的是要考虑到 RDoC在发展的背景下构建，特别是在检查出现的障碍时 儿童时期，通常在发育后期发展为越来越严重的形式或新的合并症。此外， 给出精神病理学发展过程中的性别差异和脑轨迹的证据 发展，纵向研究是必要的，以了解生物行为标志物是否内化 而外化的精神病理学在女孩和男孩的发育过程中是不同的。拟议的研究将 利用现有纵向研究中的神经成像和行为数据来检查性行为的影响 二形性对儿童早期运动、情绪和认知控制的影响 大样本ADHD儿童的青春期(4-17岁)(n=329)，典型的发育 对照组(n=273)。有相当多的证据表明，ADHD处于连续维度的极端 而不是一种在紊乱和健康之间有明确界限的离散综合症。运动、认知和 情绪控制系统，被认为是平行发展的，与ADHD的病理生理学和 其他神经精神障碍。此外，ADHD经常与儿童时期的其他障碍并存， 患有ADHD的女孩和男孩在青春期和成年期面临不同的有害后果风险。 因此，研究儿童RDoC维度结构的发展变化 如果没有ADHD，我们对精神病理学中的性别差异的理解就会更加宽泛。 我们建议比较认知控制、情绪控制和运动控制的发展轨迹。 行为和神经解剖，并将这些轨迹与外化和内化症状联系起来 使用量纲分析。这项研究将从两个正在进行的纵向数据中提取数据并将其整合 研究：一名学龄前儿童(4-5岁，时间1；n=145)跟踪到童年中期和 第二大样本(确诊)青春期前8-12岁儿童(n=437)，其中一部分患有 完成青春期(12-17岁；n=106)的纵向随访。组合这些数据集允许 对于样本中维度结构的生物行为度量的广义混合效应建模 儿童具有典型和非典型发育，这对推进残疾儿童保护倡议至关重要。

PROJECT SUMMARY Neurodevelopmental disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) emerge during early childhood and are more prevalent in males. In contrast, anxiety and mood disorders commonly emerge during adolescence and are more frequent in females. However, our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie sex differences in the occurrence of various forms of psychopathology is limited. The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project provides a dimensional and transdiagnostic framework as an alternative to our traditional categorical conceptualization of psychiatric disorders in order to better characterize the full range of typical to atypical functioning and to better understand sex differences and comorbidity. It is critical to consider RDoC constructs within the context of development, particularly when examining disorders that emerge in childhood and often progress to increasingly severe forms or new comorbidities later in development. Further, given evidence of sex differences in the developmental course of psychopathology and trajectories of brain development, longitudinal research is necessary to understand whether biobehavioral markers of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology differ across development for girls and boys. The proposed study will leverage neuroimaging and behavioral data from existing longitudinal studies to examine the effect of sexual dimorphism on the development of motor, emotional, and cognitive control from early childhood through adolescence (ages 4-17 years) among a large sample of children with ADHD (n=329) and typically developing controls (n=273). There is considerable evidence that ADHD lies at the extreme of a continuous dimension rather than a discrete syndrome with clear boundaries between disorder and health. Motor, cognitive, and emotional control systems, thought to develop in parallel, are implicated in the pathophysiology of ADHD and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Furthermore, ADHD is often comorbid with other disorders in childhood and girls and boys with ADHD experience differential risk for deleterious outcomes in adolescence and adulthood. Therefore, studying developmental changes in dimensional RDoC constructs among a sample of children with and without ADHD will inform our understanding of sex differences in psychopathology more broadly defined. We propose to compare the developmental trajectories of cognitive, emotional, and motor control both in terms of behavior and neuroanatomy, and to relate these trajectories to externalizing and internalizing symptoms using dimensional analyses. This study will draw from and integrate data across two ongoing longitudinal studies: one of preschool children (age 4-5 years at time 1; n=145) followed into middle childhood and a second large sample of (confirmed) pre-pubertal 8-12 year-old children (n=437), a subset of whom have completed longitudinal follow-up visits in adolescence (ages 12-17; n=106). Combining these datasets permits for generalized mixed effects modeling of biobehavioral measures of dimensional constructs within a sample of children spanning typical and atypical development which is critical for advancing the RDoC initiative.