Communicating the Health Risks of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages

项目摘要 肥胖是美国最紧迫的公共卫生问题之一，含糖饮料（SSB） 是导致成人和儿童肥胖的重要因素。为了减少SSB的摄入量， 在美国各州和城市引入了在SSB容器和/或广告上放置健康警告标签。 然而，关于这种标签如何影响消费者的经验数据很少。烟草研究和 营养标签表明标签可以积极影响行为，但标签设计很重要。主 这项建议的目的是在大规模实施之前，确定SSB警告标签的程度 提高消费者对SSB潜在健康危害的认识，减少SSB的摄入量。研究 旨在回答三个额外的问题：1）一些警告标签是否比其他标签更有效？2)什么 警告标签的效果是否随着时间的推移而变化？3)如果警告标签影响行为，是因为它们增加了 或者只是提醒人们有些饮料不太健康？ 我们的第一个研究目的是比较SSB警告标签对父母SSB相关信念的影响， 购买意向。我们将招募1,000名具有全国代表性的不同种族和民族的样本， 12岁以下儿童的父母参加一项随机、受控的在线实验， 家长可以在虚拟便利店购物。父母将被随机分配到4种不同方法中的一种， 标签：1）卡路里标签（对照）; 2）文本警告标签（例如警告：饮用添加糖的饮料 导致肥胖，糖尿病和蛀牙）; 3）图形警告标签显示糖的量， 饮料;或4）图形警告标签，显示与以下相关的负面健康后果： 过度使用SSBs。第二个目的是测试警告标签对购买的总卡路里的影响 并被父母和孩子们食用。我们将招募405对不同种族和民族的父母和孩子， 参加一项随机、受控的实验室饮食行为研究， 从零食店购买，并测量参与者在观看电视节目时消耗了多少。 受试者将被随机分配至3种条件之一：1）卡路里标签（对照）; 2）文字警告标签;或3）图形 警告标签显示糖的量或基于最有效的负面健康后果 研究一中的标签策略。第三个目的是测试反复接触警告标签对总 随着时间的推移购买的卡路里，并评估是否知识或显着性更好地解释标签效应。在这 在这项研究中，我们将招募450名不同种族和民族的父母参加一项随机、对照 这项实验涉及通过在线商店购买零食和饮料，为期六周， 他们的购买。受试者将被随机分配至与本研究所述相同的三种标签条件之一。 第二项研究。标签将在最后两周内被删除，以确定是否教育或突出 在推动行为改变方面发挥了更大的作用。

PROJECT SUMMARY Obesity is one of the nation’s most pressing public health concerns and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are a significant contributor to adult and childhood obesity. To try to reduce SSB intake, bills have been introduced in U.S. states and cities to place health warning labels on SSB containers and/or advertisements. However, there is little empirical data on how such labels influence consumers. Research on tobacco and nutrition labels suggests labels can positively impact behavior, but the label design matters. The primary objective of this proposal is to determine, before wide-scale implementation, to what degree SSB warning labels increase consumers’ knowledge about the potential health harms of SSBs and reduce SSB intake. The studies are designed to answer three additional questions: 1) Do some warning labels work better than others? 2) What is the effect of warning labels over time? 3) If warning labels influence behavior, is it because they increase knowledge or simply provide a salient reminder that some drinks are less healthy? Our first study aim is to compare the effects of SSB warning labels on parents’ SSB-related beliefs and purchase intentions. We will recruit a nationally representative sample of 1,000 racially and ethnically diverse parents of a child under 12 years old to participate in a randomized, controlled online experiment during which parents will shop in a virtual convenience store. Parents will be randomized to 1 of 4 different approaches to labeling: 1) calorie labels (control); 2) text warning labels (e.g. warning: drinking beverages with added sugars contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay); 3) graphic warning labels displaying amounts of sugar in beverages; or 4) graphic warning labels displaying negative health consequences associated with overconsumption of SSBs. The second aim is to test the effect of warning labels on total kilocalories purchased and consumed by parents and children. We will recruit 405 racially and ethnically diverse parent-child pairs to participate in a randomized, controlled lab-based eating behavior study that will capture beverage and snack purchases from a snack shop and measure how much participants consume while watching a television show. Participants will be randomized to 1 of 3 conditions: 1) calorie labels (control); 2) text warning labels; or 3) graphic warning labels displaying either amounts of sugar or negative health consequences based on the most effective labeling strategy in study one. The third aim is to test the effect of repeated exposure to warning labels on total kilocalories purchased over time and assess whether knowledge or salience better explain label effects. In this study, we will recruit 450 racially and ethnically diverse parents to participate in a randomized, controlled experiment that involves buying snacks and beverages for six weeks via an online store that ships participants their purchases. Participants will be randomized to one of the same three label conditions described for the second study. Labels will be removed during the last two weeks to determine whether education or salience plays a greater role in driving behavior change.