Goals and Motivation to Remember Important Information in Old Age

摘要 记忆力的变化是老年人最关心的问题之一。这项拟议的研究审查了 目标如何通过有选择地战略性地关注来激励和改善老年人的记忆 记住重要的信息。我们首先测试老年人如何学会专注于重要的事情 当感受到压力或因匆忙而唤醒时。相对于年轻人，老年人可能会感觉到更多 由于匆忙而产生的压力和焦虑，当快速呈现大量信息时，但仍可 在一定条件下，结合实践对重要信息进行选择性编码。的确，年纪更大了 成年人可以通过负责任的记忆和对遗忘的恐惧(例如需要忘记的时候)来激励自己 记住孩子的过敏症)。我们将确定老年人是否可以从事选择性的控制 使用定向遗忘任务来遗忘和更新信息，在定向遗忘任务中，人们必须选择性地记住 他们在旅行中负责携带的物品。通过能够忘记老年人过时的信息 可以高效地使用内存，并记住何时信息的值发生了变化，尤其是在 正值和负值术语。我们还将研究老年人如何有选择地专注于 记住财务收益的变化，可能是以记住损失为代价的，例如 股价或更新为退休计划。选择性记忆在老年人中有实际应用， 有选择地集中注意力和记忆的一个后果是潜在的偏向于获得和 奖励。例如，老年人可能特别容易受到金融欺诈和相关诈骗的影响。 因为他们有选择地专注于积极的结果，并经常经历孤独。因此，老年人 可能专注于骗局中诱人的机会和潜在的回报，但没有注意到或 以后记住这个命题的风险或可疑方面。我们将研究选择性如何导致 老年人的偏见以及选择性记忆如何有效地重定向到一个人的关键方面 潜在的反复测试的骗局，从而降低了金融受害者的易感性。A记忆力测试 将制定识别诈骗的计划，以确定培训是否可以转移和帮助老年人 通过增强对潜在积极因素的选择性记忆，有效识别其他形式的骗局 结果和欺骗性报价的迹象，如预付款欺诈。总的来说，拟议的工作可以 帮助老年人有选择地记住重要信息，学习如何有选择地忘记过时的信息 有关得失的信息，并帮助老年人识别诈骗的特征，提供几个 新的和创新的研究途径，整合了记忆和翻译的理论和方面 衰老。

ABSTRACT Changes in memory are one of the most common concerns of older adults. The proposed research examines how goals can motivate and improve memory in older adults through a strategic focus on selectively remembering important information. We first test how older adults can learn to focus on what is important when experiencing stress or arousal from rushing. Relative to younger adults, older adults may feel greater stress and anxiety due to rushing, when rapidly presented with large amounts of information, but can still engage in selective encoding of important information with practice under some conditions. Indeed, older adults can be motivated by responsible remembering and a fear of forgetting (such as when needing to remember a child's allergies). We will determine if older adults can engage in the control of selective forgetting and updating information using a directed forgetting task, where one has to selectively remember items that they are responsible for bringing on a trip. By being able to forget outdated information older adults can use memory in an efficient manner, and remember when information has changed in value, especially in terms of positive and negative values. We will also examine how older adults may focus on selectively remembering changes in financial gains, possibly at the expense of remembering losses, such as changes in stock prices or updated to a retirement plan. There are practical applications of selective memory in older age, as one consequence of selectively focusing attention and memory is a potential bias toward gains and rewards. For example, older adults may be particularly susceptible to financial fraud and related scams because they selectively focus on positive outcomes and frequently experience loneliness. Thus, older adults may focus on the enticing opportunity presented in a scam, and the potential rewards, but fail to attend to or later remember risks or suspicious aspects of the proposition. We will examine how selectivity can lead to bias in older adults and how selective memory can be effectively redirected toward critical aspects of a potential scam with repeated testing, thus reducing susceptibility to financial victimization. A memory-testing program to identify scams will be developed to determine if training can transfer and assist older adults in effectively identifying other forms of scams, by enhancing selective memory away from potential positive outcomes and towards signs of deceptive offers, such as advance-fee fraud. Overall, the proposed work can help older adults selectively remember important information, learn how to selectively forget outdated information regarding gains and losses and help older adults identify features of scams, providing several novel and innovative avenues of research that integrate theoretical and translational aspects of memory and aging.