Racial Stigma and Substance Use Vulnerability Among African American Young Adults: Examining Cognitive and Affective Mechanisms

项目总结 目前的申请旨在解决非洲人在健康方面的种族/民族差异。 美国年轻人通过隔离急性认知和情感机制 种族污名、压力和物质使用脆弱性之间的联系。现存的文学 对自我报告的种族歧视和真实的种族歧视之间的联系提供关键的观察 非洲裔美国人的世界危险行为。然而，认知神经科学范式 没有得到充分利用，从而限制了我们对核心认知和情感的理解 应激反应、恢复和行为所依据的过程 种族耻辱事件--以及可能放大或减轻严重影响的因素。致信地址 这种需要，我们建立在线索的反应性和物质使用文学来发展种族污名， 以线索为中心的任务驱动事件相关设计以评估大脑中与污名相关的变化 涉及线索反应性、执行功能和奖励处理的系统。这部作品具有 可能揭示(A)对种族单一事件的认知和情感加工 污名(目标1)(B)种族污名应激如何在情感和心理方面产生持续变化 监管程序(目标2)和(C)缓和这些因素的风险和复原力促进因素 进程(目标3)。在拟议的K08职业发展计划中，应聘者将承担 培训以获得认知-神经科学方法的核心技能，基于 脑电(EEG)事件相关电位(ERP)测量，以评估潜在的 柱头-胁迫-物质利用途径的机制。其中包括常规时间- 领域方法(例如，晚期正电位；LPP)，联合时频脑电/事件相关电位分析 波幅的区域神经激活(例如内侧额叶和中央顶叶三角洲)，以及 神经生理活动如何利用时间协调成动态的功能网络- 频率相位同步接近。此外，应聘者还将学习如何利用这些 索引构造与新兴测量领域一致的方法 框架，即研究领域标准(RDoC)，它提供了一个启发式的表示 复杂的神经生物学系统。Focus的RDoC结构与以下关键相关 物质使用，包括负价和正价系统(情感)以及 认知控制(调节)。认知神经科学测量和图谱的应用 TO RDoC结构将允许解析核心认知和情感过程，增强 在危险行为背景下种族逆境压力的理论清晰度和预测效用， 并最终提供更节俭的干预目标。

PROJECT SUMMARY The current application aims to address racial/ethnic disparities in health experienced by African American young adults through the isolation of acute cognitive and affective mechanisms in the linkages between racial stigma, stress, and vulnerability to substance use. The extant literature provides critical observations of the link between self-reported racial discrimination and real- world risk behavior among African Americans. However, cognitive-neuroscience paradigms have been underutilized thus limiting our understanding of core cognitive and affective processes that underlie stress reactivity, recovery, and behavior in the immediate context of a racial stigma event—as well as factors that may amplify or mitigate acute effects. To address this need, we build on the cue reactivity and substance use literature to develop a racial-stigma, cue-focused task to drive event-related designs for assessing stigma-related change in brain systems involved in cue reactivity, executive function, and reward processing. This work has the potential to shed new light on (a) cognitive and affective processing of singular events of racial stigma (Aim 1) (b) how racial-stigma stress produces sustained changes in affective and regulatory processes (Aim 2) and (c) risk and resilience-promoting factors that moderate these processes (Aim 3). In the proposed K08 career development plan, the Candidate will undertake training to acquire core skills in cognitive-neuroscience approaches, based on electroencephalographic (EEG) event-related potential (ERP) measures, to assess underlying mechanisms of the stigma-stress-substance use pathway. These include conventional time- domain approaches (e.g. late positive potential; LPP), joint time-frequency EEG/ERP analysis of regional neural activation in amplitude (e.g. medial-frontal theta and centro-parietal delta), and how neurophysiological activity is coordinated into dynamic functional networks using time- frequency phase-synchrony approaches. Further, the Candidate will learn to utilize these approaches to index constructs that are consistent with emerging measurement domain frameworks, namely Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), which offer a heuristic for representing complex neurobiological systems. The RDoC constructs of focus are of key relevance to substance use and include negative valence and positive valence systems (affective) as well as cognitive control (regulatory). The utilization of cognitive-neuroscience measures and mapping to RDoC constructs will allow for the parsing of core cognitive and affective processes, enhance theoretical clarity and predictive utility of racial-adversity stress in the context of risk behavior, and ultimately provide more parsimonious intervention targets.