Developmental and peer effects on the neurobiology of cognitive control and reward processes

摘要 在青春期出现的酒精和药物使用问题与更严重的 在心理社会功能的多个领域中的持续性进程和损害。损失的一个关键预测因素 物质使用的控制是奖赏控制网络和认知控制网络在激活上的差异。 具体地说，相对于控制网络，奖励网络对毒品线索的激活越大， 对吸毒行为的控制就越少。在青春期，奖励网络的成熟速度超过 控制网络的影响，导致在有奖励提示时倾向于冒险。在……里面 青少年而不是成年人，同龄人的存在被证明会增加冒险行为，因为 激活奖励网络。青少年与同龄人相处的时间比成年人和离经叛道的同龄人多 从属关系是酒精和药物使用问题的最强关联，饮酒是一种特别的 与同龄人分享社交活动。这些神经发育和同伴影响的组合对 因此，奖励网络可能是关键的神经生物学和上下文机制，解释了 青春期酗酒和吸毒问题增加。 我们将研究奖赏和认知控制的神经生物学过程的发展。 网络，同辈对这些网络的影响，以及这些神经生物学和背景过程如何起作用 使用纵向fMRI研究青春期的冒险行为和酒精和药物使用问题。我们将使用 加速纵向队列设计，涵盖前(10-12岁)、中(13-15岁)和 青春期以后(16-18岁)(总计N=210人)，进行为期一年和两年的跟踪评估。这个设计 将使我们在一半的时间内覆盖10年(10到20岁)的神经生物学发展。我们的 协议将包括在冒险(红绿灯任务)期间对同伴存在的奖励激活进行评估 以及奖励预期和收受(金钱激励延迟)；与外显相关的神经过程 接受和拒绝形式的社会反馈(聊天室社交任务)； 认知控制任务(停止信号)，以评估抑制过程。我们预测同龄人的存在将会增加 风险承担和奖励接收过程中的奖励激活，以及这些同伴对奖励激活的影响将 从青春期前到青春期中期增加。此外，更大的奖励反应性和更弱的认知控制将 对同龄人的影响更敏感。最后，更大的奖励反应性，更弱的认知 控制，以及对同伴在场和明确的社会反馈的更高敏感度将与 更多的酒精和毒品使用问题，以及外化和内化并存的问题。

Abstract Alcohol and drug use problems that onset in adolescence are associated with a more severe and persistent course and impairments in multiple domains of psychosocial functioning. A key predictor of loss of control of substance use is the difference in activation between the reward and cognitive control networks. Specifically, the greater the activation of the reward network to drug cues relative to that of the control network, the less control over drug use behavior. During adolescence, maturation of the reward network outpaces that of the control network, resulting in a bias toward risk-taking when in the presence of reward cues. In adolescents but not adults, the presence of peers has been shown to increase risk-taking due to greater activation of the reward network. Adolescents spend more time with peers than adults and deviant peer affiliation is the strongest correlate of alcohol and drug use problems, and drinking alcohol is an especially social activity shared with peers. The combination of these neurodevelopmental and peer influences on the reward network then may be key neurobiological and contextual mechanisms that account for the large increases in alcohol and drug use problems during adolescence. We will examine the development of the neurobiological processes of the reward and cognitive control networks, peer effects on these networks, and how these neurobiological and contextual processes contribute to risk-taking and alcohol and drug use problems in adolescence using a longitudinal fMRI study. We will use an accelerated longitudinal cohort design that covers pre- (10-12 years-old), middle (13-15 years-old), and later (16-18 years-old) adolescence (total N=210), with 1-year and 2-year follow-up assessments. This design will allow us to cover 10 years (10 to 20 years-old) of neurobiological development in half the time. Our protocol will include an assessment of peer presence on reward activation during risking-taking (stoplight task) and reward anticipation and receipt (monetary incentive delay); neurological processes associated with explicit social feedback in the form of acceptance and rejection (chatroom social interaction task); and a basic cognitive control task (stop signal) to assess inhibitory processes. We predict that peer presence will increase reward activation during risk taking and reward receipt, and that these peer effects on reward activation will increase from pre- to middle adolescence. Further, greater reward reactivity and weaker cognitive control will be associated with greater sensitivity to peer influences. Finally, greater reward reactivity, weaker cognitive control, and greater sensitivity to both peer presence and explicit social feedback will be associated with greater alcohol and drug use problems and comorbid externalizing and internalizing problems.